tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-48550697147318839152024-03-05T15:19:22.066+08:00KotaMalayaMelayu NusantaraRamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.comBlogger68125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-59362734109809600022012-07-13T12:18:00.002+08:002012-07-13T12:25:52.115+08:00‘Kedai Rakyat 1 Malaysia’ 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-image: url(http://maribinablog.blogspot.com/2012/03/syarat-syarat-membuka-kedai-1-malaysia.html); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; color: #433e33; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 10px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;">
<a href="http://maribinablog.blogspot.com/2012/03/syarat-syarat-membuka-kedai-1-malaysia.html" style="color: #33312a; font-family: arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.1em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" tip="">Syarat-syarat membuka kedai 1 Malaysia</a></h3>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijTNbYEQE_Y2Pg5lYkO2gtfWsX5IIZJwxCsLhUjZgMBlbDJIL8wJ2Mfl7DanbASNVQm4_pUnAkBu9QvbsCF4dyL-tLAw7ilzK7naAXgEtwtyHt7oELhEfqGOkWOyb0a48bDczFQbZNNxTr/s1600/Kedai+Rakyat+1+Malaysia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #0b2dd5; font-family: arial; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" tip=""><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijTNbYEQE_Y2Pg5lYkO2gtfWsX5IIZJwxCsLhUjZgMBlbDJIL8wJ2Mfl7DanbASNVQm4_pUnAkBu9QvbsCF4dyL-tLAw7ilzK7naAXgEtwtyHt7oELhEfqGOkWOyb0a48bDczFQbZNNxTr/s400/Kedai+Rakyat+1+Malaysia.jpg" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 10px 5px;" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><br /></b><br />
<b>DEFINISI</b><br />
<br />
Konsep KR1M adalah untuk menjual barangan keperluan pada harga sehingga 50% lebih rendah berbanding barang sama yang berjenama,<br />
namun kualiti tetap diutamakan.<br />
<br />
Tanda niaga‘<b>Kedai Rakyat 1 Malaysia</b>’ serta jenama produk‘<b>1 Malaysia Kedai Rakyat</b>’ telah didaftarkan sebagai hak milik Kerajaan.<br />
<br />
<b>SYARAT PENYERTAAN</b><br />
<br />
Mana-mana syarikat / koperasi / individu yang ingin menjalankan operasi KR1M adalah tertakluk kepada peraturan-peraturan berikut:<br />
<br />
<b>Pendaftaran Perniagaan</b><br />
Perniagaan perlu didaftarkan di bawah Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia (SSM) / Suruhanjaya Koperasi Malaysia (SKM).<br />
<br />
<b>Pemilikan Perniagaan</b><br />
- Syarikat / Koperasi / Enterpris adalah 100% ekuiti / saham /milik warga negara Malaysia.<br />
<br />
<b>Modal</b><br />
Keperluan modal minima adalah dalam bentuk tunai atau bank guarantee atau debentur atau lain-lain instrumen kewangan seperti berikut:<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Saiz Premis<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(kaki persegi)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(240, 240, 240); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Modal<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(RM)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) windowtext windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1,500<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) windowtext windowtext rgb(240, 240, 240); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">460,000<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) windowtext windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3,500<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240) windowtext windowtext rgb(240, 240, 240); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">650,000<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<br />
<b>Penentuan Lokasi</b><br />
Penentuan lokasi serta keluasan premis KR1M akan dimuktamadkan oleh Kerajaan.<br />
<br />
<b>SYARAT OPERASI</b><br />
<br />
1. Pengusaha bertanggungjawab sepenuhnya ke atas operasi perniagaan termasuk menanggung segala kos/caj berkaitan pengendalian KR1M<br />
seperti bayaran utiliti, cukai, lesen, gaji pekerja, sewa kedai dan lain-lain.<br />
2. Perlu menjual kesemua produk 1Malaysia Kedai Rakyat pada setiap masa beserta dengan barang keperluan harian yang ditetapkan.<br />
3. Harga jualan produk di KR1M mengikut harga yang ditetapkan.<br />
4. Menggunakan sistem Point Of Sale (POS) yang ditetapkan.<br />
5. Mempunyai talian internet untuk pengendalian P.O.S.<br />
6. Susunatur (layout & planogram) mengikut garis panduan yang ditetapkan seperti di <a href="http://kr1m.kpdnkk.gov.my/Styles/Apricot1/Images/Lampiran_1.pdf" style="color: #0b2dd5; font-family: arial; font-weight: 700; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" tip="">Lampiran 1</a>.<br />
7. Mempamerkan papan tanda mengikut spesifikasi KR1M seperti di <a href="http://kr1m.kpdnkk.gov.my/Styles/Apricot1/Images/lampiran_2.pdf" style="color: #0b2dd5; font-family: arial; font-weight: 700; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" tip="">Lampiran 2</a>.<br />
8. Menggunakan Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) yang ditetapkan.<br />
9. Waktu operasi perniagaan adalah bermula dari pukul 7.00 pagi hingga 11.00 malam setiap hari.<br />
10. Mematuhi undang-undang dan peraturan-peraturan yang dikeluarkan oleh Kerajaan dari masa ke semasa.<br />
11. Kesediaan untuk beroperasi di mana-mana lokasi yang ditetapkan oleh Kerajaan.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>TATACARA PERMOHONAN</b><br />
<br />
Borang permohonan boleh didapati di Ibu Pejabat KPDNKK Putrajaya, Pejabat PDNKK Negeri dan Cawangan atau dimuat turun dari laman<br />
sesawang Kementerian di <a href="http://www.kpdnkk.gov.my/" style="color: #0b2dd5; font-family: arial; font-weight: 700; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" tip="">www.kpdnkk.gov.my</a> (<a href="http://kr1m.kpdnkk.gov.my/Styles/Apricot1/Images/garis_panduan.pdf" style="color: #0b2dd5; font-family: arial; font-weight: 700; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" tip="">Garis Panduan Pembukaan Dan Operasi</a>, <a href="http://kr1m.kpdnkk.gov.my/Styles/Apricot1/Images/lampiran_3.pdf" style="color: #0b2dd5; font-family: arial; font-weight: 700; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" tip="">Borang Permohonan</a>)<br />
<br />
Semua permohonan hendaklah dihantar kepada Ibu Pejabat KPDNKK Putrajaya / Pejabat PDNKK Negeri / Cawangan atau secara online.<br />
<br />
Alamat Ibu Pejabat KPDNKK adalah seperti berikut:<br />
Kementerian Perdagangan Dalam Negeri,<br />
Koperasi dan Kepenggunaan<br />
Delivery Management Office (DMO)<br />
Aras 5, Blok Menara, No.13, Persiaran Perdana, Presint 2<br />
Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan<br />
62623 Putrajaya.<br />
Tel : 603-8882 6948/6253/6940<br />
Faks : 603-8882 6227<br />
Email : <a href="http://kr1m@kpdnkk.gov.my%20/" style="color: #0b2dd5; font-family: arial; font-weight: 700; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" tip="">kr1m@kpdnkk.gov.my </a><br />
<br />
Alamat Pejabat PDNKK Negeri / Cawangan boleh didapati daripada laman sesawang<a href="http://www.kpdnkk.gov.my/" style="color: #0b2dd5; font-family: arial; font-weight: 700; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" tip="">www.kpdnkk.gov.my</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>PERTIMBANGAN PERMOHONAN</b><br />
<br />
Pertimbangan Jawatankuasa adalah berdasarkan kepada senarai semak dan kelayakan pemohon mengikut syarat-syarat yang ditetapkan.<br />
(Senarai semak adalah seperti di <a href="http://kr1m.kpdnkk.gov.my/Styles/Apricot1/Images/lampiran_4.pdf" style="color: #0b2dd5; font-family: arial; font-weight: 700; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" tip="">Lampiran 4</a>);<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>KEPUTUSAN PERMOHONAN</b><br />
<br />
Surat makluman keputusan kepada pemohon akan dikeluarkan dalam tempoh tiga (3) hari selepas keputusan dibuat oleh Jawatankuasa.<br />
<br />
Pemohon yang berjaya akan diberi taklimat mengenai syarat-syarat operasi dan perlu menandatangani Surat Akujanji / Perjanjian.</div>
</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-60596082656184485702012-07-05T13:30:00.002+08:002012-07-05T13:30:26.774+08:00Lands Of Gold ...per capita ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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..........Richest Countries Of The World</h1>
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To rank the <strong>world’s wealthiest countries</strong>, Forbes looked at GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power for <strong>182 nations</strong>. We used <strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> data from 2010, the most recent available (GDP figures for some countries were projections). The PPP-adjusted GDP—preferred by economists when making international comparisons—takes into account the relative cost of living and inflation rates, rather than just exchange rates, which may distort real <a href="http://junglemagazine.com/positions-of-love-lana-sutra-by-erik-ravelo/" style="border: 0px; color: #00a5fc; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">differences </a>in worth. “In some countries, the wealth is equally distributed, while in others it’s very unequally distributed,” says <strong>Gian Luca Clementi</strong>, an associate professor of economics at New York University’s Leonard N. Stern School of Business. “In Qatar, for example, the way it’s distributed is very unequal, and much of the population is actually very poor. The GDP is high because of <strong>oil revenues</strong>. And, if I were to use the GDP as an indicator of how well a country will do in the future, in Qatar what will matter is how well they actually invest it.”</div>
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10. Netherlands GDP (PPP) per capita: $40,973</h3>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter" id="photo468" src="http://junglemagazine.com/img/misc/richest-countries/richest-countries01.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 580px; outline: none;" /></div>
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09. Switzerland GDP (PPP) per capita: $41,950</h3>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter" id="photo468" src="http://junglemagazine.com/img/misc/richest-countries/richest-countries02.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 580px; outline: none;" /></div>
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08. Hong Kong GDP (PPP) per capita: $45,944</h3>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter" id="photo468" src="http://junglemagazine.com/img/misc/richest-countries/richest-countries03.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 580px; outline: none;" /></div>
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07. United States GDP (PPP) per capita: $46,860</h3>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter" id="photo468" src="http://junglemagazine.com/img/misc/richest-countries/richest-countries04.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 580px; outline: none;" /></div>
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06. United Arab Emirates GDP (PPP) per capita: $47,439 (estimated from 2009)</h3>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter" id="photo468" src="http://junglemagazine.com/img/misc/richest-countries/richest-countries05.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 580px; outline: none;" /></div>
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05. Brunei GDP (PPP) per capita: $48,333</h3>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter" id="photo468" src="http://junglemagazine.com/img/misc/richest-countries/richest-countries06.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 580px; outline: none;" /></div>
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04. Norway GDP (PPP) per capita: $51,959 (estimated from 2009)</h3>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter" id="photo468" src="http://junglemagazine.com/img/misc/richest-countries/richest-countries07.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 580px; outline: none;" /></div>
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03. Singapore GDP (PPP) per capita: $56,694 (estimated from 2009)</h3>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter" id="photo468" src="http://junglemagazine.com/img/misc/richest-countries/richest-countries08.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 580px; outline: none;" /></div>
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02. Luxembourg GDP (PPP) per capita: $81,466</h3>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter" id="photo468" src="http://junglemagazine.com/img/misc/richest-countries/richest-countries09.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 580px; outline: none;" /></div>
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01. Qatar GDP (PPP) per capita: $88,222 (estimated from 2009)</h3>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter" id="photo468" src="http://junglemagazine.com/img/misc/richest-countries/richest-countries10.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 580px; outline: none;" /></div>
</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-79309268334580980142012-04-19T11:52:00.000+08:002012-04-19T11:53:51.239+08:00Sepeda motor Perang Dunia II<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="Motor Unik yang digunakan pada Perang Dunia II. • AdAdhie" src="http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_kvkox93qHQ1qaribl.jpg" />
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<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Welbike adalah sepeda motor single seater yang dirancang oleh Inggris selama Perang Dunia II di Station IX “Inter Services Research Bureau” yang berbasis di Welwyn Inggris, untuk digunakan oleh para pasukan Special Operations Executive (SOE).</span></div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><img alt=" Motor Perang Terkecil pada PD II" class="text-align: center;" src="http://www.indo-karya.com/wp-content/plugins/WPRobot3/images/55a2b_Welbike_1.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0pt; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0pt; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0pt; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="Motor Perang Terkecil pada PD II Photo" /></span></div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Merupakan motor terkecil yang digunakan oleh British Armed Forces. Pengirimannya dilakukan dengan menjatuhkannya dari pesawat angkut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><img alt=" Motor Perang Terkecil pada PD II" class="text-align: center;" src="http://www.indo-karya.com/wp-content/plugins/WPRobot3/images/55a2b_Welbike_2.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0pt; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0pt; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0pt; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="Motor Perang Terkecil pada PD II Photo" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Prototipe asli dirancang oleh SOE motor cycle Harry Lester, dari ide yang dikembangkan oleh Letnan Kolonel John Dolphin , Pejabat Komandan Stasiun IX, Dinas rahasia Inter-Militer (secret Inter-Services Military).</span></div>
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<br /></div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-68770429124569482382012-04-11T13:49:00.001+08:002012-04-11T13:49:37.980+08:00Yang di-Pertuan Agong Ke 14<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #f1c232;">Yang di-Pertuan Agong......ditabal </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large; font-style: inherit;">Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'azam Shah, 84, selamat ditabal sebagai Yang di-Pertuan Agong Ke-14</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large; font-style: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;">da</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;">lam satu upacara penuh istiadat kebesaran Raja-Raja Melayu, di Istana Negara, di sini, hari ini.</span></div>
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Sebaik selesai kemuncak Istiadat Pertabalan itu, tiupan nafiri dan paluan nobat dengan lagu "Perang" bergema di Balairong Seri, dan para hadirin berdiri dan melaungkan "Daulat Tuanku" sebanyak tiga kali, diketuai oleh pemangku Datuk <span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.3;">Maharaja Lela Azwan Effendy Zairakithnaini.</span></div>
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Serentak itu juga, tembakan meriam sebanyak 21 das dilepaskan dan lagu Negaraku dimainkan oleh Pancaragam Pusat Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia, diketuai Left Sabri Abdullah.</div>
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Istiadat Pertabalan yang berlangsung penuh berwarna-warni itu disaksikan kira-kira 900 orang tetamu termasuk Raja-Raja Melayu dan Permaisuri masing-masing, wakil-wakil Raja-Raja Melayu, Gabenor-Gabenor, Yang Dipertua-Yang Dipertua Negeri, Perdana Menteri, Menteri-menteri Kabinet dan isteri masing-masing.</div>
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Turut menyaksikan acara gemilang itu ialah tetamu-tetamu kehormat yang terdiri dari ketua-ketua Diplomat asing dan ketua-ketua jabatan kerajaan lainnya. </div>
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</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-72733874950788990022012-04-10T12:27:00.001+08:002012-04-10T12:27:19.057+08:00DAULAT TUANKU !<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #f1c232;">Raptai akhir pertabalan Agong lancar ..............</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Raptai penuh istiadat pertabalan <span style="color: #bf9000;">Yang di-Pertuan Agong ke-14 Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah </span></span>hari ini berjalan lancar dengan hampir semua persiapan untuk upacara itu yang bakal berlangsung buat julung kali di Istana Negara, Jalan Duta, tersusun rapi. </span></div>
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Menteri Penerangan Komunikasi dan Kebudayaan Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim berkata raptai terakhir itu bertujuan mengenal pasti sebarang penambahbaikan dan pembetulan yang perlu dilakukan menjelang istiadat pertabalan itu pada Rabu.<br /><br /> </div>
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</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-55389610006743754122012-04-03T16:43:00.000+08:002012-04-04T21:44:33.831+08:00PSC syor SPR !<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Pandangan dan syor-syor PSC .........</span></div>
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<img alt="22 syor PCC mengenai pilihan raya" height="300" src="http://www.sinarharian.com.my/polopoly_fs/1.37139.1333433489!/image/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_400/image.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="PSC" width="400" /></div>
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SETELAH mendengar cadangan dan maklum balas daripada individu/persatuan/pertubuhan berdaftar serta cadangan dan maklum balas daripada ahli-ahli Jawatankuasa Pilihan Khas (PSC) dan mengambil kira perbincangan dalam Jawatankuasa-Jawatankuasa Kecil dan pemerhatian daripada Lawatan Kerja, PSC mengemukakan syor-syor penambahbaikan proses pilihan raya seperti yang berikut:<br />
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<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(I) PERUNDANGAN DAN PINDAAN PERATURAN</strong><br />
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<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Memberi kemudahan kepada rakyat Malaysia di luar negara sama ada mengundi di Perwakilan Malaysia atau secara pos</strong><br />
1.1. Jawatankuasa menyusul cadangan dalam Laporan Jawatankuasa (DR. 3/2011) untuk membenarkan rakyat Malaysia yang berada di luar negara sama ada mengundi awal di Perwakilan Malaysia atau mengundi secara pos.<br />
1.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum bahawa untuk membenarkan rakyat Malaysia yang berada di luar negara mengundi di Perwakilan Malaysia adalah sukar bagi SPR untuk melaksanakannya berdasarkan sistem pilihan raya sedia ada dan isu logistik. Pandangan ini turut disokong dengan maklum balas daripada Kementerian Luar Negeri.<br />
1.3. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan SPR untuk mengkaji kemungkinan untuk membenarkan warganegara Malaysia yang berada di luar negara untuk mengundi secara pos tertakluk kepada syarat-syarat tertentu.<br />
1.4. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum syarat-syarat yang dicadangkan oleh SPR seperti yang berikut:<br />
(a) Telah mendaftar sebagai pemilih; dan<br />
(b) Hendaklah balik ke Malaysia sekurang-kurangnya sekali dalam tempoh lima (5) tahun terdahulu sehingga pada tarikh memohon untuk mengundi sebagai pengundi pos.<br />
1.5. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan SPR berbincang dengan pihak-pihak berkuasa terlibat dalam tempoh 3 bulan dari tarikh laporan ini diterima oleh Dewan Rakyat bagi membolehkan syarat-syarat tersebut dikuatkuasakan melalui penggubalan kerangka undang-undang yang berkaitan.<br />
1.6. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan ini juga akan melibatkan pindaan pada seksyen 16 Akta Pilihan Raya 1958, Akta Kesalahan Pilihan Raya 1954, Peraturan-Peraturan Pilihan Raya (Penjalanan Pilihan Raya) 1981, Peraturan-Peraturan Pilihan Raya (Pendaftaran Pemilih) 2002 dan Peraturan-Peraturan Pilihan Raya (Pengundian Pos) 2003.<br />
1.7. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan SPR mengkaji suatu kaedah lain yang melibatkan penghantaran kertas undi melalui pos terus kepada pengundi di luar negara dan penghantaran balik kertas undi itu dibuat melalui pejabat Perwakilan Malaysia untuk dihantar terus ke Ibu Pejabat SPR bagi proses pengiraan undi dan proses seterusnya.<br />
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<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Memberi kemudahan mengundi secara pos kepada petugas SPR dan media</strong><br />
2.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan agar SPR mengkaji sama ada membenarkan petugas media untuk mengundi awal atau pun mengundi secara pos.<br />
2.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum kaedah pengundian bagi petugas SPR adalah secara pos.<br />
2.3. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum ulasan SPR supaya petugas media diberi kemudahan mengundi secara pos yang akan diwartakan di bawah Peraturan 3(1)(f) Peraturan-Peraturan Pilihan Raya (Pengundian Pos) 2003.<br />
2.4. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum semua petugas media yang disahkan oleh majikan sebagai petugas media dan kena bertugas pada hari mengundi di luar kawasan pendaftarannya yang berhasrat untuk mengundi secara pos hendaklah memohon untuk berbuat demikian melalui Borang 1 (Permohonan bagi Kertas Undi Pos) menurut Peraturan-Peraturan Pilihan Raya (Pengundian Pos) 2003.<br />
2.5. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan supaya SPR melantik lebih petugas pilihan raya daripada tempat mereka mengundi supaya dapat mengurangkan bilangan petugas yang perlu mengundi secara pos.<br />
2.6. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan petugas media diberi kemudahan mengundi secara pos menurut Peraturan-Peraturan Pilihan Raya (Pengundian Pos) 2003.<br />
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<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Pengundi luar kawasan</strong><br />
3.1. Jawatankuasa menyusuli syor dalam Laporan Jawatankuasa (DR. 3/2011) supaya SPR menyediakan kemudahan kepada pengundipengundi yang berada di luar kawasan pendaftarannya terutama daripada Sabah dan Sarawak serta pengundi dari Semenanjung yang bertugas di Sabah dan Sarawak untuk mengundi di mana-mana tempat mengundi tanpa perlu pulang ke kawasan pendaftaran asalnya.<br />
3.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum kesukaran SPR untuk mengendalikan pengundi yang berada di luar kawasan pendaftarannya untuk mengundi di mana-mana tempat mengundi tanpa perlu pulang ke kawasan pendaftaran asalnya kerana ia melibatkan urusan logistik yang rumit, tenaga kerja yang terhad dan undang-undang sedia ada tidak membenarkan seseorang pemilih mengundi di tempat mengundi yang bukan namanya didaftarkan.<br />
3.3. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum kehendak Perkara 119 Perlembagaan Persekutuan yang memperuntukkan warganegara yang bermastautin di dalam sesuatu bahagian pilihan raya berhak mengundi di dalam bahagian pilihan raya itu. Manakala Peraturan 15 Peraturan-Peraturan Pilihan Raya (Penjalanan Pilihan Raya) 1981 hanya membenarkan seseorang pengundi mengundi di tempat mengundi yang bahagian daftar pemilih yang mengandungi namanya telah diuntukkan.<br />
3.4. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan ini memerlukan kajian dibuat sama ada Perlembagaan Persekutuan perlu dipinda berhubung dengan isu pemastautinan selain pindaan kepada mana-mana peraturan yang berhubung dengan pilihan raya.<br />
3.5. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan SPR mengkaji kaedah pengundian terbaik seperti tatacara yang dicadangkan untuk pengundian warganegara Malaysia di luar negara bagi pengundi yang berada di luar kawasan termasuk kaedah pengundian awal tertakluk kepada apa-apa pindaan undang-undang yang berkenaan.<br />
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<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Membenarkan prapendaftaran seseorang warganegara untuk didaftarkan sebagai pemilih apabila mencapai umur 20 tahun</strong><br />
4.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum bahawa Perkara 119 Perlembagaan Persekutuan membenarkan seseorang warganegara yang layak memohon untuk didaftarkan sebagai pemilih hanya apabila seseorang itu mencapai umur 21 tahun.<br />
4.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan untuk membenarkan prapendaftaran seseorang warganegara apabila mencapai umur 20 tahun untuk didaftarkan sebagai pemilih dan hanya dibenarkan mengundi apabila seseorang warganegara itu mencapai umur 21 tahun.<br />
4.3. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum bahawa bagi membolehkan cadangan ini dilaksanakan pindaan hendaklah dibuat kepada Perkara 119 Perlembagaan Persekutuan.<br />
4.4. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan SPR mengkaji cadangan ini untuk dilaksanakan dalam tempoh Parlimen Ketiga Belas.<br />
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<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Tarikh pembubaran Parlimen</strong><br />
5.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum bahawa di bawah Fasal (3) Perkara 55 Perlembagaan Persekutuan memperuntukkan melainkan jika dibubarkan terlebih dahulu, Parlimen hendaklah terus berjalan selama lima tahun dari tarikh mesyuarat pertamanya dan selepas itu adalah terbubar.<br />
5.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum bahawa terdapat cadangan tarikh Parlimen dibubarkan dinyatakan dalam peruntukan undang-undang bagi memudahkan persediaan oleh semua pihak yang terlibat dalam proses pilihan raya.<br />
5.3. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum bahawa kuasa untuk menentukan tarikh pembubaran Parlimen bukan merupakan kuasa SPR mengikut peruntukan undang-undang dan turut mengambil maklum bahawa kuasa SPR hanya dalam menetapkan tarikh pilihan raya setelah Parlimen dibubarkan.<br />
5.4. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan tempoh Parlimen hanya boleh dibubarkan selepas mencapai tempoh 4 tahun dan hendaklah diperuntukkan dalam undang-undang.<br />
<br />
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6. Kerajaan sementara</strong><br />
6.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan diwujudkan kerajaan sementara selain kerajaan yang memerintah sebaik selepas Parlimen dibubarkan bertujuan bagi memastikan negara ditadbir sementara kerajaan yang baru dibentuk.<br />
6.2. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan SPR dalam tempoh 3 bulan dari tarikh laporan ini dibentangkan dapat menyediakan suatu garis panduan dan kod etika tatalaku (code of conduct) terpakai bagi mana-mana pihak yang kena menjalankan fungsi kerajaan sementara sehinggalah suatu kerajaan yang baru dibentuk di peringkat Persekutuan atau negeri.<br />
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />7. Penguatkuasaan peraturan sedia ada berhubung kesalahan memberi maklumat palsu dalam urusan pendaftaran</strong><br />
7.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan menguatkuasakan peraturan sedia ada berhubung kesalahan memberikan maklumat palsu dalam urusan pendaftaran.<br />
7.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum bahawa terdapat kemungkinan maklumat palsu diberikan dalam urusan-urusan seperti yang berikut:<br />
i) urusan pertukaran alamat mastautin di JPN; dan<br />
ii) urusan pertukaran alamat kawasan pendaftaran di SPR, yang merupakan kesalahan di bawah Akta 5 dan peraturan sedia ada.<br />
7.3. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum adanya peruntukan dalam Akta Kesalahan Pilihan Raya 1954 dan Peraturan-Peraturan Pendaftaran Negara 1990 yang mengadakan peruntukan kesalahan bagi mana-mana orang yang memberi maklumat palsu dalam urusan pendaftaran pemilih dan pertukaran alamat dalam kad pengenalan.<br />
7.4. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum SPR dalam menguatkuasakan Akta 5 adalah bergantung kepada kerjasama pihak berkuasa lain seperti polis.<br />
7.5. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum terdapatnya peruntukan di bawah Akta 5 dan Peraturan 25(1) Peraturan-Peraturan Pendaftaran Negara 1990 masing-masing berhubung dengan kesalahan memberikan maklumat palsu dalam permohonan pendaftaran dan permohonan pertukaran alamat di kad pengenalan.<br />
7.6. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan perjawatan tambahan diwujudkan bagi menubuhkan suatu pasukan penguat kuasa khas SPR dalam menguatkuasakan undang-undang di bawah bidang kuasa SPR tanpa lagi perlu bergantung kepada pihak berkuasa lain.<br />
<br />
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />(II) MENAMBAH BAIK PROSES PILIHAN RAYA</strong><br />
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">8. Memanjangkan tempoh berkempen</strong><br />
8.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum subperaturan 3(1) Peraturan- Peraturan Pilihan Raya (Penjalanan Pilihan Raya) 1981 memperuntukkan tempoh minimum 7 hari bagi maksud berkempen.<br />
8.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan supaya SPR menetapkan suatu tempoh berkempen yang lebih panjang dalam sesuatu pilihan raya bagi memberi ruang berkempen yang lebih lama dan pada masa yang sama urusan mengembalikan undi pos dapat dibuat dengan wajar.<br />
8.3. Jawatankuasa juga mengambil maklum pandangan berbeza bahawa tempoh berkempen yang terlalu panjang mendatangkan kesukaran kepada aktiviti berkempen di sesetengah bahagian pilihan raya di samping kos yang tinggi.<br />
8.4. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan SPR mengambil kira semua pandangan yang diberikan dalam menentukan suatu tempoh berkempen menurut peruntukan undang-undang dengan tempoh tidak kurang daripada 10 hari.<br />
<br />
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">9. Akses media yang bebas dan saksama</strong><br />
9.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan akses media yang bebas dan saksama diberi kepada semua parti dan calon yang bertanding dalam sesuatu pilihan raya.<br />
9.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum kesediaan Kementerian Penerangan, Komunikasi dan Kebudayaan untuk memberikan akses yang adil kepada semua parti dan calon yang diselaraskan oleh SPR.<br />
9.3. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan SPR meneliti Fasal (2) Perkara 115 Perlembagaan Persekutuan yang boleh meminta pihak berkuasa awam untuk memberikan apa-apa bantuan yang dapat dilaksanakan kepada Suruhanjaya dalam menunaikan tugasnya termasuk Kementerian dan agensi berkaitan berhubung dengan hal perkara yang melibatkan akses media yang bebas dan saksama kepada semua parti dan calon yang bertanding dalam sesuatu pilihan raya.<br />
<br />
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(III) MENINGKATKAN MUTU DAFTAR PEMILIH<br />10. Pembersihan daftar pemilih yang berterusan</strong><br />
10.1. Jawatankuasa menyusuli syor dalam Laporan Jawatankuasa (DR. 3/2011) untuk MIMOS menjalankan verifikasi terhadap daftar pemilih dengan kerjasama SPR dan JPN.<br />
10.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum hasil verifikasi oleh MIMOS itu menunjukkan usaha pembersihan daftar pemilih secara berterusan dijalankan oleh SPR dengan kerjasama JPN. Hasil verifikasi oleh Mimos mendapati tidak wujud pendaftaran berganda (duplicate registration) bagi setiap nombor kad pengenalan 12 angka (KP12) yang dikeluarkan oleh JPN.<br />
10.3. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum terdapat di kalangan anggota polis dan tentera yang masih belum memohon MyKad atau MyTentera. Sehingga 20 Mac 2012, terdapat sebanyak 483 rekod anggota polis dan 653 rekod anggota tentera dalam daftar pemilih SPR yang belum mempunyai nombor KP12.<br />
10.4. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan Polis Diraja Malaysia dan Angkatan Tentera Malaysia memantau dan mengambil tindakan berkenaan perkara yang disebut di perenggan 10.3 dalam tempoh 60 hari dari tarikh laporan ini dibentangkan di Dewan Rakyat.<br />
10.5. Jawatankuasa juga mengesyorkan SPR memberi keutamaan kepada usaha berterusan untuk membersihkan daftar pemilih dengan kerjasama JPN bagi memastikan daftar pemilih yang akan digunakan bagi manamana Pilihan Raya adalah mantap dan bermutu tinggi dari segi kualiti kesahihan dan integriti maklumat (terkini dan sebagainya).<br />
10.6. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan supaya suatu agensi bebas dan bertauliah seperti MIMOS dapat membantu menyemak daftar pemilih secara berterusan bagi mempertingkat usaha pembersihan daftar pemilih.<br />
10.7. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan supaya sebuah Jawatankuasa Pilihan Khas Parlimen ditubuhkan untuk mengawasi dan meneliti semua usaha penyemakan dan pembersihan daftar pemilih yang dicadangkan di perenggan 10.6 di atas dan melaksanakan tugas-tugas lain yang dirujukkan kepada Jawatankuasa tersebut.<br />
<br />
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">11. Penelitian daftar pemilih bagi alamat-alamat yang mempunyai ramai pemilih berdaftar</strong><br />
11.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum hasil verifikasi oleh Mimos mendapati 324 alamat yang mempunyai lebih 100 orang pemilih dan 938 alamat yang mempunyai antara 51 hingga 100 orang pemilih. Dalam penelitian Jawatankuasa Kecil Usaha Menambah Baik Daftar Pemilih, antara faktor-faktor yang menyumbang kepada keadaan ini adalah seperti yang berikut:<br />
i) alamat pendaftaran pemilih yang tidak lengkap;<br />
ii) alamat pendaftaran pemilih yang terlalu umum yang menggunakan alamat seperti ‘kampung’, ‘rumah pangsa’, ‘rumah panjang’ dan ‘jalan’ tanpa butiran nombor rumah yang kebanyakkan berlaku di kawasan luar bandar;<br />
iii) alamat pendaftaran pemilih yang dikongsi seperti alamat tempat asal/kelahiran atau alamat rumah yang disewa yang tidak dikemas kini setelah berpindah; dan<br />
iv) alamat pendaftaran “pinjaman” iaitu alamat yang digunakan oleh seseorang pemilih untuk membolehkan didaftarkan di sesuatu kawasan pendaftaran yang dikehendaki.<br />
11.2. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan SPR mempamerkan dalam tempoh 45 hari dari tarikh laporan ini dibentangkan senarai pemilih yang alamatnya diragui di mana terdapat melebihi 50 pengundi di satu alamat yang sama untuk memaklumkan kepada pemilih yang terlibat supaya mereka boleh tampil kepada SPR serta membolehkan SPR mengemas kini dan membersihkan senarai tersebut.<br />
11.3. Hasil kerja penyemakan hendaklah dilaporkan kepada Jawatankuasa yang dicadangkan di perenggan 10.7.<br />
<br />
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">12. Bantahan terhadap daftar pemilih yang telah diperakui melalui aduan atau maklum balas daripada parti politik, pertubuhan bukan kerajaan dan sebagainya</strong><br />
12.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan membolehkan bantahan terhadap daftar pemilih yang telah diperakui dibuat melalui aduan atau maklum balas daripada parti politik, pertubuhan bukan kerajaan dan sebagainya.<br />
12.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum peraturan sedia ada hanya membenarkan bantahan dibuat terhadap nama pemilih yang dipamerkan semasa Pameran Rang Daftar Pemilih Tambahan.<br />
12.3. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum daftar pemilih yang telah diperakui boleh dibuat pemotongan atas alasan kematian dan lucutan atau tolakan warganegara setelah Ketua Pendaftar berpuas hati mengenai alasan itu yang disahkan oleh pihak berkuasa yang berkenaan.<br />
12.4. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum SPR tidak mempunyai kuasa untuk memotong nama pemilih yang telah disahkan daripada daftar pemilih atau memindahkan pemilih dari suatu bahagian pilihan raya ke suatu bahagian pilihan raya yang lain hanya berdasarkan kepada aduan mana-mana pihak.<br />
12.5. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan suatu peruntukan undang-undang dikaji untuk memberikan SPR kuasa untuk memotong nama pemilih yang telah disahkan daripada Daftar Pemilih Induk (DPI) atau memindahkan pemilih dari suatu bahagian pilihan raya ke suatu bahagian pilihan raya yang lain berdasarkan kepada aduan yang dikemukakan oleh pihak awam dengan bukti yang sah.<br />
<br />
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">13. Kajian ke arah pendaftaran secara automatik</strong><br />
13.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan untuk melaksanakan pendaftaran pemilih secara automatik bagi warganegara yang mencapai umur 21 tahun.<br />
13.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan untuk melaksanakan pendaftaran automatik ini memerlukan pindaan kepada Perkara 119 Perlembagaan Persekutuan dan peraturan-peraturan yang berkaitan.<br />
13.3. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum bahawa cadangan ini mempunyai asas yang baik, namun ia hanya boleh dilaksanakan dalam jangka masa panjang memandangkan usaha pembersihan daftar pemilih secara keseluruhan perlu diutamakan. Siasatan lanjut mengenai daftar pemilih yang diragui seperti yang dibangkitkan di negeri Sabah serta syor Jawatankuasa berhubung dengan penubuhan Suruhanjaya Siasatan Diraja perlu dilaksanakan supaya mencapai matlamat daftar pemilih yang diyakini oleh semua pihak sebelum terlaksananya cadangan pendaftaran secara automatik.<br />
13.4. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan SPR membuat kajian dan mengambil tindakan dalam tempoh 12 bulan bagi membolehkan cadangan ini dilaksanakan pada masa hadapan.<br />
<br />
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">14. Penggunaan alamat selain alamat mastautin pada kad pengenalan sebagai alamat pendaftaran untuk menentukan bahagian pilihan raya</strong><br />
14.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum senario semasa yang mana jumlah pengundi di kawasan luar bandar di Sabah dan Sarawak semakin berkurangan kerana penghijrahan golongan belia ke kawasan bandar untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan.<br />
14.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan untuk menggunakan alamat selain alamat di kad pengenalan sebagai alamat pendaftaran untuk menentukan kawasan pendaftaran.<br />
14.3. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum jika cadangan ini dilaksanakan, implikasinya adalah seperti yang berikut:<br />
i) Jika alamat selain alamat di kad pengenalan digunakan, kemungkinan alamat itu tidak dapat disahkan melalui apa-apa dokumentasi yang sah;<br />
ii) Ada kemungkinan orang mendaftar menggunakan alamat yang dia tidak bermastautin; dan<br />
iii) Ada kemungkinan terdapatnya peningkatan bantahan terhadap Rang Daftar Pemilih Tambahan atas alasan orang itu tidak bermastautin di alamat yang digunakan jika alamat selain alamat di kad pengenalan digunakan.<br />
14.4. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum bahawa warganegara yang layak mendaftar mempunyai hak untuk memilih mendaftar di mana kawasan pendaftaran berpandukan kepada alamat terkini seperti di kad pengenalan. Adalah menjadi tanggungjawab mana-mana orang untuk menukar alamat di kad pengenalannya di JPN jika dia telah berpindah ke alamat yang lain. SPR tidak boleh mengambil apa-apa tindakan untuk menukar kawasan pendaftaran mana-mana orang jika orang itu enggan menukar alamat di kad pengenalannya.<br />
14.5. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan supaya parti-parti politik memainkan peranan dalam menasihatkan pemilih menukarkan alamat pendaftaran yang wajar di JPN sebelum mendaftar sebagai pemilih baru atau mendaftar tukar alamat pusat mengundi dengan SPR.<br />
14.6. Jawatankuasa turut mengesyorkan supaya SPR mengkaji tatacara dan implikasi peraturan yang diamalkan di negara lain yang membolehkan pengundi memilih antara alamat tetap (kampung asal atau tempat lahir) atau alamat tempat bekerja (place of employment) sebagai alamat pendaftaran pengundi khususnya di Sabah dan Sarawak.<br />
<br />
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(IV) MEMPERKUKUHKAN KEDUDUKAN SPR<br />15. Memperkasakan kedudukan SPR</strong><br />
15.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum penubuhan SPR di bawah Perkara 114 Perlembagaan Persekutuan yang dianggotai oleh tujuh (7) orang yang dilantik oleh Yang di-Pertuan Agong selepas berunding dengan Majlis Raja-Raja dengan mengambil kira peri mustahaknya mendapat kepercayaan awam.<br />
15.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum pandangan dan maklum balas yang mempersoalkan kebebasan SPR.<br />
15.3. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan bagi menolak dakwaan tentang ketidakbebasan SPR, pelantikan Pengerusi, Timbalan Pengerusi dan Anggota-anggota SPR dijalankan sebagaimana pelantikan yang dibuat bagi Hakim Mahkamah Persekutuan, Hakim Mahkamah Rayuan dan Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi.<br />
15.4. Jawatankuasa turut mengesyorkan SPR diberi kuasa mengadakan bajetnya sendiri dan diletakkan dan bertanggungjawab terus kepada Parlimen bagi memastikan isu kebebasan SPR tidak lagi dipersoalkan.<br />
15.5. Jawatankuasa juga mengesyorkan suatu Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan ditubuhkan untuk melantik pegawai sendiri dan diwujudkan suatu skim perkhidmatan khusus kepada pegawai dan anggota perkhidmatan SPR.<br />
<br />
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">16. Penstrukturan dan pengukuhan SPR</strong><br />
16.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum bahawa SPR dalam menjalankan fungsinya di bawah Perkara 113 Perlembagaan Persekutuan memerlukan bantuan dari pihak-pihak lain. Kuasa untuk mendapatkan bantuan ini diperuntukkan di bawah Fasal (2) Perkara 115 Perlembagaan Persekutuan dan pelantikan pegawai-pegawai yang dibuat di bawah Akta Pilihan Raya 1958.<br />
16.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum sumber manusia yang terhad di SPR dan kebergantungan SPR dengan pihak lain dalam menjalankan fungsinya itu.<br />
16.3. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum dari pemerhatian Lawatan Kerja ke UK, Jerman dan Denmark, tiga fungsi utama SPR itu dijalankan oleh badan yang berasingan.<br />
16.4. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan berdasarkan kepada beban dan bidang tugas SPR yang luas, organisasi SPR perlu distruktur semula dengan diberi kuasa yang sewajarnya bagi memastikan penguatkuasaan undang-undang pilihan raya dijalankan oleh badan penguatkuasaan SPR sendiri dan mengurangkan kebergantungan kepada pihak-pihak yang lain, keperluan sumber manusia SPR ditambah dan perjawatan sedia ada dinaik taraf serta peruntukan kewangan yang mencukupi diperuntukkan sesuai dengan peranan, tanggungjawab, bebanan dan cabaran semasa.<br />
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<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">17. Memperluaskan Akademi Pilihan Raya</strong><br />
17.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum wujudnya Akademi Pilihan Raya sejak tahun 2007 dengan sumber manusia, peruntukan kewangan dan kemudahan yang terhad dalam menjalankan fungsinya termasuklah pendidikan pengundi, kesedaran mengundi dan latihan kepada petugas pilihan raya.<br />
17.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum keperluan memperkasa Akademi Pilihan Raya dengan menambah sumber manusia, peruntukan kewangan serta diwujudkan bangunan khusus untuk menempatkan Akademi Pilihan Raya yang dilengkapi dengan kemudahan pusat latihan sebagaimana pusat latihan jabatan dan agensi kerajaan yang lain.<br />
17.3. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan Kerajaan menambah sumber manusia, peruntukan kewangan dan kemudahan Akademi Pilihan Raya bagi memastikan matlamat penubuhan Akademi Pilihan Raya, khususnya dalam memberi pendidikan kepada semua pihak yang terlibat dalam proses pilihan raya termasuklah warganegara Malaysia tentang hak mengundi dapat dijalankan dengan lebih berkesan.<br />
17.4. Jawatankuasa turut mengesyorkan suatu Lembaga Penasihat yang dianggotai oleh pelbagai parti politik dan wakil NGO bagi memberi pandangan/nasihat kepada Akademi Pilihan Raya.<br />
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<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">18. Pengasingan fungsi utama SPR</strong><br />
18.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum bahawa tiga fungsi utama SPR di bawah Perkara 113 Perlembagaan Persekutuan adalah menjalankan pilihan raya, menguruskan pendaftaran pemilih dan mengkaji semula bahagian pilihan raya.<br />
18.2. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan sebagai langkah jangka panjang, cadangan tiga fungsi utama SPR iaitu untuk menjalankan pilihan raya, menguruskan pendaftaran pemilih dan mengkaji semula bahagian pilihan raya diasingkan kepada tiga badan yang bebas.<br />
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<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(V) PERSEMPADANAN, PEMBIAYAAN POLITIK DAN SISTEM ALTERNATIF<br />19. Pengahihan kerusi Dewan Rakyat bagi Sabah dan Sarawak</strong><br />
19.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum terdapat cadangan supaya jumlah keseluruhan kerusi di Dewan Rakyat diseimbangkan di antara kerusi bagi Semenanjung dengan kerusi negeri Sabah dan Sarawak seperti mana diperuntukkan dalam dokumen Inter-Govenment Committee (IGC) semasa penubuhan Malaysia iaitu Sabah, Sarawak dan Singapura memperolehi 34 peratus daripada kerusi di Dewan Rakyat pada penggal tersebut.<br />
19.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum bahawa cadangan diperuntukkan 34 peratus daripada jumlah kerusi di Dewan Rakyat adalah bagi memastikan kuasa seimbang boleh digunakan oleh mana-mana wakil Sabah dan Sarawak bagi memastikan suara dan kepentingan yang melibatkan negeri Sabah dan Sarawak dalam semua hal yang berkaitan undang-undang dapat dipertahankan.<br />
19.3. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan suatu kajian terperinci dibuat atas cadangan di atas untuk dilaksanakan dengan mengambil kira prinsip pembentukan Malaysia.<br />
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<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">20. Persempadanan bahagian pilihan raya yang seimbang</strong><br />
20.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan urusan kajian persempadanan semula bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya Parlimen dan Negeri mengambil kira keseimbangan jumlah pemilih termasuk wajaran kawasan luar bandar (rural weightage) dan juga memenuhi prinsip ‘Satu Orang, Satu Undi’.<br />
20.2. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan SPR menyemak semula Jadual Ketigabelas Perlembagaan Persekutuan bertujuan memberi makna sepenuhnya kepada prinsip ‘Satu Orang, Satu Undi’ dan mengembalikan wajaran kawasan luar bandar (rural weightage).<br />
20.3. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan SPR menentukan satu formula yang adil dan saksama berdasarkan satu prinsip yang tetap dalam menentukan jumlah pengundi di sesuatu bahagian pilihan raya dalam satu negeri tidak berbeza dengan ketara.<br />
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<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">21. Peruntukan dana kepada parti politik</strong><br />
21.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan agar Kerajaan mengadakan peruntukan dana kepada parti politik mengikut jumlah kerusi yang diperoleh dalam pilihan raya dalam usaha untuk menyuburkan sistem demokrasi di negara ini serta membendung gejala rasuah oleh ahli politik dalam pilihan raya.<br />
21.2. Jawatankuasa juga mengambil maklum bahawa mekanisme pelaksanannya perlu dikaji secara mendalam memandangkan ia melibatkan implikasi kewangan Kerajaan serta pindaan kepada aspek perundangan. Perkara ini wajar diberi perhatian untuk dilaksanakan dalam jangka masa panjang.<br />
21.3. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan untuk setiap parti politik mengisytiharkan apa-apa sumbangan yang diterima dari mana-mana sumber semasa kempen pilihan raya.<br />
21.4. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan Kerajaan mengadakan peruntukan dana dan menggubal formula yang sesuai bagi parti politik dan calon yang menang mengikut jumlah kerusi yang dimenangi dan undi yang diperolehi dalam pilihan raya mengikut agihan 50% untuk kerusi yang dimenangi dan 50% untuk jumlah undi yang diperolehi, tertakluk kepada apa-apa pindaan undang-undang yang berkenaan dan juga kaedah yang akan digubal.<br />
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<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">22. Sistem pilihan raya baru </strong><br />
22.1. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum bahawa sistem pilihan raya yangdiamalkan di Malaysia sejak merdeka sehingga sekarang ialah Sistem Majoriti Mudah (First-Past-The-Post).<br />
22.2. Jawatankuasa mengambil maklum cadangan untuk menambah baik Sistem Majoriti Mudah (First-Past-The-Post) sedia ada ataupun mengkaji apa-apa sistem pilihan raya lain seperti sistem campuran (First-Past-The-Post dan Proportionate Representation) atau Sistem Perwakilan Berkadaran (Proportionate Representation).<br />
22.3. Jawatankuasa mengesyorkan supaya SPR meneliti cadangan ini kerana ia merupakan perkara yang melibatkan dasar yang perlu dipertimbangkan oleh Kerajaan dan melaporkan semula kepada Jawatankuasa seperti di perenggan 10.7.</div>
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</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-274792178396753092012-04-02T17:18:00.000+08:002012-04-02T17:18:11.293+08:00Kota Pariaman (Sumatra Barat)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Tabuik kebanggaan masyarakat Pariaman</h3>
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Program Pertukaran Belia dan Program Pembelajaran (YES) disambut penuh adat istiadat daripada penduduk Kota Pariaman.</div>
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KAMI canggung melihat satu objek setinggi lima meter yang dijulang oleh 10 orang anak muda di Kota Pariaman, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Kami kurang arif dengan maksud yang tersirat. Umpama sebuah ‘menara bergerak', ia dihiasi dengan objek haiwan berwarna hitam, di tengah-tengahnya terletak wajah pengantin wanita dan terdapat sembilan batang payung yang dicucuk di beberapa sudut.</div>
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Sambil diiringi dengan paluan gendang, anak-anak muda itu berarak membawa objek berkenaan. Kemudian, delegasi kami iaitu para sukarelawan daripada Persatuan Asrama Belia Malaysia (MYHA) yang terlibat dalam Program Pertukaran Belia dan Program Pembelajaran (YES) disambut dengan persembahan Silat Minang. Ia diakhiri dengan adat memakan sireh sebagai tanda mengalu-alukan tetamu yang datang bertandang.</div>
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“Kami menyambut anda dengan tabuik iaitu satu perayaan tempatan yang dilangsungkan hanya pada 10 Muharam. Oleh kerana anda semua adalah tetamu istimewa kami, jadi anda semua diraikan dengan cara paling terhormat,” demikian kata Asisten II Kota Pariaman, Yaminurizal Msi. Di Malaysia jawatan Asisten tersebut bersamaan dengan pegawai daerah.</div>
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Pereka termuda</div>
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Berkesempatan berjumpa dengan pembuat peralatan tabuik memberi ruang kepada penulis mengenali lanjut tabuik atau lebih disebut juga sebagai tabuik piaman.</div>
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Alfred Mosaddeq, 33, memberitahu, dia sudah tiga tahun membuat model tabuik untuk masyarakat Kota Pariaman.</div>
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KIRI: Tabuik yang setinggi 15 meter perlu diangkat enam hingga lapan orang.</div>
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Kata Alfred, tabuik yang berasal dari perkataan tabut dalam bahasa Arab bermaksud mengarak adalah satu upacara memperingati Perang Karbala yang melibatkan cucu Nabi Muhammad SAW, Husain Ali.</div>
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Perayaan itu dikatakan adalah ekspresi penduduk Sumatera Barat serta penganut Syiah dari Timur Tengah dalam menunjukkan rasa hormat dan duka di atas kematian cucu Rasulullah yang meninggal dunia pada 10 Muharam.</div>
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“Sebenarnya, syarat untuk membuat tabuik mestilah mereka yang berumur 40 tahun ke atas. Tetapi disebabkan ia sudah dijadikan sebagai satu budaya dan tarikan pelancong selain acara itu bukan lagi sebagai acara keagamaan, syarat itu dilonggarkan. Saya kini antara pembuat tabuik yang termuda," jelas Alfred panjang lebar.</div>
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Rutin</div>
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Ujar Alfred, perayaan tabuik piaman sebenarnya dirayakan selama 10 hari bermula pada 1 Muharam lagi. Setiap hari, ia punya acara tertentu. Antaranya berpuasa, upacara menebang batang pisang dan upacara meratapi kesedihan yang biasanya dilakukan oleh kaum ibu.</div>
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“Ibu-ibu tua juga akan melakukan persiapan seperti pelbagai kuih-muih tradisional,” katanya.</div>
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Membuat sebuah tabuik yang setinggi 15 meter dengan menggunakan elemen rotan bukan mudah. Alfred yang mempunyai bengkel yang bernama Pondok Souvenier Piaman lazimnya akan mengambil tempahan beberapa minggu sebelum hari perayaan.</div>
<img border="1" color="black" height="249" hspace="5" src="http://www.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/pix/2012/0402/Kosmo/Varia/va_01.3.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; border-width: initial; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 0px;" vspace="5" width="400" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="caption" style="color: #993300; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
ANTARA komponen penting dalam membuat tabuik termasuklah sembilan payung yang dikelilingi dengan bunga selapan.</div>
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Pada tahun 2009, upah membuat tabuik sekitar RM5,500 tetapi pada tahun berikutnya, bertambah mencecah RM7,000 sebuah.</div>
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Buang ke laut</div>
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Selaku pembuat tabuik, Alfred berbangga apabila melihat hasil sentuhannya diarak dan disaksikan ratusan ribu pelancong.</div>
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“Sejak pukul 6 petang, kota ini sudah dipenuhi manusia. Tabuik akan dijulang pemikul yang mengenakan seragam tradisional bersama dengan kumpulan gendang diarak ke Pantai Gandoriah.</div>
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Tabuik tidak boleh disimpan. Sebaliknya ia akan dilempar ke Pantai Gandoriah ketika matahari hendak terbenam.</div>
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Ia nampak pelik dan hal ini diakui Alfred. Beritahunya, ada pihak yang menentang upacara itu. Namun, bagi masyarakat Kota Pariaman, ia hanyalah satu kesinambungan budaya yang terus dipertahankan.</div>
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“Lagipun, banyak ritual keras sudah tidak dilaksanakan dan kami menganggap tabuik satu budaya yang unik dalam menyatukan masyarakat,” ujarnya lagi.</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-2547558141523398632012-03-23T13:06:00.000+08:002012-03-23T13:07:01.438+08:00Bangsa ku !<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Sajak “Melayu” </h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxyaZnzw-QJv2urnm4Gkft3t1Hk0P_jVhynMR-mE1vF8cla4nCkqIPF-Z3qQkr-jHwzBuJzj4enoGPf8c8Cd4NV3ncqSbzsSRm2abVezWVDGA7M0YWqC73trGIaEM-lA98GMF1VyFi2nE/s1600/283834_243616978991851_100000306538740_813382_6771223_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxyaZnzw-QJv2urnm4Gkft3t1Hk0P_jVhynMR-mE1vF8cla4nCkqIPF-Z3qQkr-jHwzBuJzj4enoGPf8c8Cd4NV3ncqSbzsSRm2abVezWVDGA7M0YWqC73trGIaEM-lA98GMF1VyFi2nE/s320/283834_243616978991851_100000306538740_813382_6771223_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Melayu itu <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD2" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 255) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; color: #3366ff; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: static;">orang</span> yang bijaksana<br />
Nakalnya bersulam jenaka<br />
Budi bahasanya tidak terkira<br />
Kurang ajarnya tetap santun<br />
<span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD10" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 255) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; color: #3366ff; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: static;">Jika</span> menipu pun masih bersopan<br />
Bila mengampu bijak beralas <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD7" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 255) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; color: #3366ff; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: static;">tangan</span></div>
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Melayu itu berani jika bersalah<br />
Kecut takut kerana benar<br />
Janji simpan di perut<br />
Selalu pecah di mulut<br />
Biar mati adat<br />
Jangan mati anak<br />
Dalam sejarahnya</div>
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Melayu itu pengembara lautan<br />
Melorongkan jalur sejarah zaman<br />
Begitu luas daerah sempadan<br />
Sayangnya <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD4" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 255) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; color: #3366ff; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: static;">kini</span> segala kehilangan</div>
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Melayu itu kaya falsafahnya<br />
Kias kata bidal pusaka<br />
Akar budi bersulamkan daya<br />
Gedung akal laut bicara</div>
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Malangnya Melayu itu kuat bersorak<br />
Terlalu ghairah pesta temasya<br />
Sedangkan kampung telah tergadai<br />
Sawah sejalur tinggal sejengkal<br />
Tanah sebidang mudah terjual<br />
Meski telah memiliki telaga<br />
Tangan masih memegang tali<br />
Sedang orang mencapai timba<br />
Berbuahlah pisang tiga kali</div>
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Melayu itu masih bermimpi<br />
Walaupun sudah mengenal universiti<br />
Masih berdagang di rumah sendiri</div>
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Berkelahi cara Melayu<br />
Menikam dengan pantun<br />
Menyanggah dengan senyum<br />
Marahnya dengan diam<br />
Merendah bukan menyembah<br />
Meninggi bukan melonjak</div>
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Watak Melayu menolak permusuhan<br />
Setia dan sabar tiada sempadan<br />
Tapi jika marah tak nampak telinga<br />
Musuh dicari ke lubang cacing<br />
Tak dapat tanduk telinga dijinjing</div>
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Maruah dan agama dihina jangan<br />
Hebat amuknya tak kenal lawan<br />
Berdamai cara Melayu indah sekali<br />
Silaturrahim hati yang murni<br />
Maaf diungkap senantiasa bersahut<br />
Tangan diulur sentiasa bersambut<br />
Luka pun tidak lagi berparut</div>
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Baiknya hati Melayu itu tak terbandingkan<br />
Selaga yang ada sanggup diberikan<br />
Sehingga tercipta sebuah kiasan:<br />
“Dagang lalu nasi ditanakkan<br />
Suami pulang lapar tak makan<br />
Kera di hutan disusu-susukan<br />
Anak di pangkuan mati kebuluran”</div>
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Bagaimanakah Melayu abad dua puluh satu<br />
Masihkan tunduk tersipu-sipu ?<br />
Jangan takut melanggar pantang<br />
Jika pantang menghalang kemajuan;<br />
Jangan segan menentang larangan<br />
Jika yakin kepada kebenaran;<br />
Jangan malu mengucapkan keyakinan<br />
Jika <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD5" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 255) !important; border-bottom-style: dotted !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; color: #3366ff; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: static;">percaya</span> kepada keadilan</div>
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Jadilah bangsa yang bijaksana<br />
Memegang tali memegang timba<br />
Memiliki ekonomi mencipta budaya<br />
Menjadi tuan di negara Merdeka!</div>
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Usman Awang</h2>
<br /></div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-49168838916374678712012-03-16T15:19:00.000+08:002012-03-16T15:19:24.762+08:00Malaya after fifty years !!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Giant Twin Towers Petronas</h3>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">At the end of the twentieth century, race to build the tallest buildings in the world reached its peak. American buildings started to “give up“, and most world projects were planned in Europe and Asia. Petronas Towers or Malaysia’s Twin, as many call them, are still the highest commercial-residential buildings in the world. They are 452 meters high and their construction was completed in 1988. Both towers have 88 floors. They consist mainly of various metals and glass. At 41st and 42nd floor these building are connected by “air floor”. Petronas towers are located in the capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. The center of the city is the so-called “golden triangle” dominated by tall buildings and among them, these two huge buildings attract the most attention. They are designed by the architect Cesar Peli, who designed several large constructions projects such as buildings, airport terminals and bridges. Towers project was based on traditional Malaysian-Islamic cultural elements.</span></span></div>
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</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-44345032493096830702012-03-14T15:52:00.000+08:002012-03-14T16:04:20.962+08:00The Malay Country of Parliament !<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red;">Malaysian Parliament 2012</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.286em;">Parliament reopens</span></h1>
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The 12th Parliament of Malaysia enters its fifth term Monday, opened by the new Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah, who for the first time in the history of the nation, will be the first Agong to have opened Parliament in two separate terms as King.<br />
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Political analysts and members of the public will be watching this sitting of Parliament closely, with potentially sweeping reforms expected to be tabled during the 20-day sitting. Parliament is also expected to be dissolved to make way for general elections, which may or may not happen during this sitting.<br />
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</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-31348751537221285842012-03-12T09:38:00.000+08:002012-03-12T09:41:41.752+08:00My Sweet Dream Home ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h1>
The Amala, Bali</h1>
<div class="articleabstract">
The Amala in Bali, Indonesia, is a gorgeous set of 12
villas that offer some of the best luxuries<br />
that money can buy.</div>
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<img alt="Courtesy of The Amala(Courtesy of The Amala)" class="img1" height="265" src="http://sin.stb.s-msn.com/i/30/D74327DE362CECD23E134F1D4634B.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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Courtesy of The Amala</div>
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The Amala is nothing less than an absolute and lavish embrace of serenity -
from its many pools<br />
and canals of water to its elegant wood structures to its
modern holistic spa. Located in Seminyak,<br />
on the west coast of Bali, it's the
perfect place to recharge and rejuvenate away from the hustle<br />
and bustle of
modern day life.<br />
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<img alt="Courtesy of The Amala(Courtesy of The Amala)" class="img1" height="260" src="http://sin.stb.s-msn.com/i/48/E9D9DF965056830182569FEA2C641.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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Courtesy of The Amala</div>
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As mentioned before, there is an abundance of water throughout the entire
complex and an<br />
emphasis on harmony with nature. Pictured above is the main
swimming pool of The Amala.<br />
The pool features environmentally sustainable
technology, namely the "Colloidal Silver" mineral<br />
water filtration system.<br />
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<img alt="Courtesy of The Amala(Courtesy of The Amala)" class="img1" height="266" src="http://sin.stb.s-msn.com/i/53/BD90249101818B06B9E8A9D5C2.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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Courtesy of The Amala</div>
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You have several accomodation options at The Amala. One of which is the one
bedroom<br />
pool villa which features (to its name's credit) a lovely private pool
of 6X3 meters. Pictured<br />
above is the pool villa's living room. The pool villa
also has a kitchenette, and a pool deck area.<br />
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<img alt="Courtesy of The Amala(Courtesy of The Amala)" class="img1" height="266" src="http://sin.stb.s-msn.com/i/A2/34B97D88B02AF5A5E28CBEBFA3CCD5.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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Courtesy of The Amala</div>
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You barely need to lift a finger - you can expect round-the-clock butler
service. Also provided<br />
are all the bells and whistles of modern living -
complimentary Wi Fi Internet connection, LCD TVs<br />
in the living room and bedroom,
and a DVD Player. Shown above is the bathroom of the pool villa.<br />
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Courtesy of The Amala</div>
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Another accomodation option would be the spa villa (also one bedroom -
pictured above).<br />
This option features many of the same benefits and facilities
as the pool villa.<br />
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<img alt="Courtesy of The Amala(Courtesy of The Amala)" class="img1" height="265" src="http://sin.stb.s-msn.com/i/E6/789D9BFEEE17762D93B49B545915.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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Courtesy of The Amala</div>
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But the key difference is that instead of a pool, you get a private plunge
jet pool -<br />
a jacuzzi of 3x2.5 meters (pictured above). Is that a good trade-off?
You decide.<br />
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<img alt="Courtesy of The Amala(Courtesy of The Amala)" class="img1" height="263" src="http://sin.stb.s-msn.com/i/26/D3BC1AE8271290C883EC6A22396.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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Courtesy of The Amala</div>
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The Amala Residence (pictured above) is the most expensive option, and you
can tell why.<br />
irstly, it's the gloriously spacious private swimming pool,
measuring at 9X4 meters. Next,<br />
this villa has 3 bedrooms (instead of the one
bedroom arrangement of the two previous options).<br />
It also comes with a complete
living and dining room, and a complete kitchen.<br />
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<img alt="Courtesy of The Amala(Courtesy of The Amala)" class="img1" height="219" src="http://sin.stb.s-msn.com/i/26/857587264A274868718ED21D7FEA.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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Courtesy of The Amala</div>
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The Amala's pride and joy is its fully comprehensive spa which offers a
dizzying array of massages,<br />
facials, and yoga sessions. The range of services is
impressively wide and diverse, and certainly<br />
too many to list here. Just rest
assured that you'll not be in want of choices, and you'll be served<br />
by among the
finest professionals.<br />
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<img alt="Courtesy of The Amala(Courtesy of The Amala)" class="img1" height="265" src="http://sin.stb.s-msn.com/i/34/28E5868AE831DB82E77871544037.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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Courtesy of The Amala</div>
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Feeling hungry? The Amala's Bamboo restaurant serves creative cuisine aimed
at aiding and<br />
enhancing your health - organic products and raw foods are used
wherever possible. All-day<br />
dining is possible at the exquisitely designed al
fresco restaurant which sits by the main pool side.</div>
<br /></div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-11744377137070976622012-03-01T12:28:00.000+08:002012-03-01T13:17:12.886+08:00Surat Dr M kepada Israel<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Surat Dr M kepada Israel didedah .....</span></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span class="bywho" style="color: #666666; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br /></span></h2>
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<span style="color: #f4cccc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="TIGA surat Dr Mahathir yang dihantar kepada Perdana Menteri Israel. - Foto Nurul Shafina Jemenon" border="0" height="260" src="http://www.bharian.com.my/articles/SuratDrMkepadaIsraeldidedah/pix_gal0" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="400" /></span></div>
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TIGA surat Dr Mahathir yang dihantar kepada Perdana Menteri Israel. - Foto Nurul Shafina Jemenon</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Surat Dr Mahathir kepada Yitzhak Rabin bertarikh 21 Disember 1993, kepada Benyamin Netanyahu bertarikh 14 Mac 1997 dan Ehud Barak bertarikh 8 Jun 1999.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-size: large;">Menteri Luar, Datuk Seri Anifah Aman</span>
<br />
“Saya ingin menyatakan bahawa sebagai satu dasar, Malaysia selama ini telah secara konsisten memberi sokongan sepenuhnya kepada perjuangan rakyat Palestin untuk mencapai satu penyelesaian yang adil dan komprehensif terhadap konflik Palestin-Israel dan penubuhan sebuah negara Palestin yang merdeka dan berdaulat. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">“Kandungan surat itu jelas menunjukkan pendirian yang berprinsip dan ketegasan Malaysia terhadap tindakan haram dan kekejaman Israel yang menggugat pelaksanaan proses damai dan gesaan beliau kepada Israel untuk memenuhi tanggungjawab dan melaksanakan semua perjanjian yang telah dimeterai di antara Palestin dan Israel,” katanya. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Beliau berkata ini termasuk Perjanjian Oslo yang ditandatangani oleh Allahyarham Yasser Arafat bagi pihak Pertubuhan Pembebasan Palestin (PLO) dan Shimon Peres dari Israel pada 13 September 1993 berhubung Principles and Mutual Recognition (Prinsip dan Pengiktirafan Bersama) antara Israel dan PLO. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Anifah berkata sebagai Perdana Menteri ketika itu, Dr Mahathir tidak pernah menyatakan sokongan kepada Israel atau keselamatan negara berkenaan dan surat beliau sama ada secara tersurat atau tersirat, tidak sesekali menunjukkan Malaysia mempunyai hubungan diplomatik dengan Israel. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">“Kesediaan Malaysia mengadakan hubungan dengan Israel adalah tertakluk kepada pelaksanaan sepenuhnya oleh Israel (terhadap) semua resolusi Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) yang berkaitan, termasuk permohonan Palestin untuk menjadi ahli penuh PBB berdasarkan sempadan 4 Jun 1967, dengan Al-Quds Al-Sharif sebagai ibu negara Palestin. Ini adalah pendirian Malaysia selama ini,” katanya. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Anifah berkata surat itu mencerminkan peranan dan usaha Dr Mahathir dan Malaysia sebagai seorang pemimpin yang bertanggungjawab dan dihormati oleh masyarakat antarabangsa dalam membantu mencari penyelesaian yang adil dan berkekalan terhadap konflik itu dalam mengembalikan martabat rakyat Palestin yang sekian lama ditindas. – BERNAMA</span>
</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-34177043392468588632012-02-29T15:00:00.004+08:002012-02-29T15:00:54.236+08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Bahasa Melayu Kelantan</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #ea9999;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ea9999; font-size: large;">بهاس ملايو كلنتن</span></span></h1>
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<b>Bahasa Melayu Kelantan</b><span style="font-size: 0.8em;"> adalah </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.8em; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa">bahasa</a><span style="font-size: 0.8em;"> lisan setempat yang digunakan di negeri </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.8em; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">, </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.8em; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">, serta </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 0.8em;">daerah </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.8em; text-decoration: none;" title="Besut">Besut</a><span style="font-size: 0.8em;"> dan </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Perhentian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.8em; text-decoration: none;" title="Pulau Perhentian">Pulau Perhentian</a><span style="font-size: 0.8em;"> </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.8em; text-decoration: none;" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">. Masyarakat di beberapa daerah di </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.8em; text-decoration: none;" title="Kedah">Kedah</a><span style="font-size: 0.8em;"> seperti </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baling" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.8em; text-decoration: none;" title="Baling">Baling</a><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">, </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.8em; text-decoration: none;" title="Sik">Sik</a><span style="font-size: 0.8em;"> dan </span><br />
<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_Terap" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.8em; text-decoration: none;" title="Padang Terap">Padang Terap</a><span style="font-size: 0.8em;"> juga bertutur di dalam loghat yang hampir serupa dengan bahasa Melayu Kelantan. Ia kadangkala </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 0.8em;">tidak dapat difahami penutur bahasa Melayu standard, walaupun ia mempunyai banyak persamaan.</span></div>
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Ia pada asalnya adalah sama bahasa seperti <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yawi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Yawi">Yawi</a> yang merentasi sempadan di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, Yawi merupakan salah<br />
satu bahasa, Yawi (Jawi dalam bahasa Melayu) merujuk kepada terjemahan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arab">Arab</a> untuk penulisannya. Bagaimanapun,<br />
mungkin terdapat beberapa perbezaan pendapat antara sebelah Yawi dan sebelah Kelantan, satu kajian terperinci<br />
perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui siapa yang benar-benar mengetahui.</div>
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Kelantan secara tradisinya menulis Arab,sebagai Yawi. Terdapat pendapat mengatakan yang adalah sepenuhnya<br />
bertentangan dengan<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu">bahasa Melayu</a> baku, dan bahasa Melayu Kelantan adalah lebih tua dan mempunyai sejarah<br />
yang lebih bermakna (menulis Bahasa Arab) daripada bahasa Melayu baku. <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Terengganu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu Terengganu">Bahasa Melayu Terengganu</a> juga berbeza<br />
daripada bahasa Melayu Kelantan dan bahasa Melayu baku.<br />
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<table cellspacing="5" class="infobox" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: pink; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Kelantan<br />بهاس ملايو كلنتن</td></tr>
<tr class=""><td class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: pink; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Kelantan Malay</i></td></tr>
<tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">Dituturkan di</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td></tr>
<tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">Rantau</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></td></tr>
<tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluarga_bahasa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Keluarga bahasa">Keluarga bahasa</a></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><div>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Austronesian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Austronesian">Bahasa Austronesian</a><ul style="line-height: 11px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu-Polinesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu-Polinesia">Melayu-Polinesia</a> (MP)<ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Nuklear_Melayu-Polinesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Nuklear Melayu-Polinesia">MP Nuklear</a><ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sunda-Sulawesi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Sunda-Sulawesi">Sunda-Sulawesi</a><ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malayik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Malayik">Malayik</a><ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Malaya&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Malaya (tidak wujud)">Malaya</a><ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Tempatan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu Tempatan">Melayu Tempatan</a><ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu">Bahasa Melayu</a><ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Bahasa Melayu Kelantan<br />بهاس ملايو كلنتن</b></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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</ul>
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</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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</ul>
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</ul>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: pink; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Kod Bahasa</th></tr>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Contoh_perbezaan_perkataan"><span style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: initial; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5em;">Contoh perbezaan perkataan</span></h2>
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Bahasa Melayu standard dan bahasa Melayu Kelantan</div>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Bahasa Melayu standard</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Bahasa Melayu Kelantan</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Boleh</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Buleh</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Makan</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Make</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Apa (Apur)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Gapo</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Saya</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sayo</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Nasi</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Nasik</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Beritahu</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Ghoyak</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Berlanggar</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Blago</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Rambutan</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Mokte</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Tiada apa-apa..!!</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Takdok Gapo!</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Tipu</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Wat lolok</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Perkataan_yang_berakhir_dengan_.27an.27.2C.27am.27.2C.27ang.27">Perkataan yang berakhir dengan 'an','am','ang'</span></h2>
<div style="font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Perkataan yang berakhir dengan <b>an</b>, <b>am</b>, <b>ang</b> biasanya akan disebut /ɛ/</div>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Bahasa Melayu Piawai</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Bahasa Melayu Kelantan</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Jangan</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Jange</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Lengan</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Lenge</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Ayam</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Aye</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Geran</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Gere</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Pisang</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Pise</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Perkataan_yang_berakhir_dengan_.27a.27.2C.27o.27.2C.27e.27">Perkataan yang berakhir dengan 'a','o','e'</span></h2>
<div style="font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Perkataan yang berakhir dengan 'a','o','e' biasanya (bukan semestinya) akan diganti dengan 'o' /ɔ/ (dan 'o' sebutan dalam 'sore' dan 'roar' dalam bahasa Inggeris, bukannya seperti 'sow' dan 'row')</div>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Bahasa Melayu Piawai</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Bahasa Melayu Kelantan</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Buka</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Buko</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Mana</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Mano</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Baka</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Bako</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Bukan</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Buke</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Tidak Mahu</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Tok Se</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Tidak Kisah</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Tok caro</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Selalu</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sokmo</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Sabdu">Sabdu</span></h2>
<div style="font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Peranan sabdu dalam loghat Kelantan adalah begitu besar maksudnya. Penggunaan sabdu akan menyebabkan susunan struktur perkataan tidak berubah.</div>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Bersabdu (Bahasa Kelantan)</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Tanpa sabdu (Beza maksud yang ketara)</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Perkataan yang dimaksudkan</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Ruput make kkambing</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Rumput makan kambing</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Rumput dimakan oleh kambing</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Tok ppaka</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Tak pakai</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Tidak boleh pakai/tidak berguna</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Make kketeng</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Makan kantin</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Makan di kantin</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Kkecek</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Kecek/pujuk</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Bercakap</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Baju ddale</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Baju dalam</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Baju dimasukan dalam seluar (<i>tuck in</i>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Bunga_bahasa">Bunga bahasa</span></h2>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Bunga bahasa</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Maksud</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Yak!</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Opocot!/Opps!</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Deh?</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Ok? (Biasanya untuk memohon restu atau persetujuan.)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Gak</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Habis tu.../Jadi...</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Pah?</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Habis tu.../Jadi... (Lebih kurang Gak.)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Ho (Bunyi naik ke hidung.)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Ya lah...</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Dock?</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Bukan?/Betul tak? (Persoalan.)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Lamoke buleh pekdoh</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Nantikan nak kena nii..</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">gelenya weh</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">miangnya!</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Acu Cubo Traa Tehhh</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Cuba Try</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Kata_penguat">Kata penguat</span></h2>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Kata penguat</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Maksud</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Manis lleting</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat manis</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Masing ppeghak</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat masin</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Pahit llepe</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat pahit</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Mase ppughik</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat masam</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Mase ccettung</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Muka sangat masam</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Tawa eber</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat tawar</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">putih ssueh/ssembo</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat putih</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Hite llege</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat hitam</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Biru kketu</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat biru</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Kuning nnehe</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat kuning</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Kenye bbonyah</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat kenyang</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Come llote</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat cantik</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Gemuk ddebok</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat gemuk</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Busuk bbanga</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat busuk</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Hapok kohong</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat hapak</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Nnakut apah</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Penakut sangat</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Ceghoh jeghiloh/bbole</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat terang/cerah</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Jatuh celabok</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Jatuh sangat teruk</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Kuca hanya</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat bercelaru</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Hangit Lettong</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sangat hangit</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Yak Kelih Boktae</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Perbuatan yang sangat tidak setuju</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Istilah_yang_biasa_menjadi_salah_faham">Istilah yang biasa menjadi salah faham</span></h2>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Kata</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Maksud</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Catatan</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Selalu</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Terus</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Contoh: Wak selalu = buat terus/segera</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Rajin</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Pernah</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Contoh: Rajin gi = Pernah pergi</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Buje</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Bujang</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Masih belum berumah tangga dan teruna atau dara (Kelantan = janda)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Kote</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Kontang</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Contoh: Nyo kote = Buah kelapa tanpa kupas sangat kering</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Patat</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Dasar</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Contoh: Patat sungai = Dasar sungai</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nira&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Nira (tidak wujud)">Nira</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Minuman yang tidak mabuk</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sia</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sembuh</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Kedengaran seperti sial (celaka) / siar (sebar/siaran) Contoh : Luko ambo nok sia doh (salah faham : Luka saya nak siar [merebak])</td></tr>
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<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-74343443395976670812012-02-21T16:26:00.000+08:002012-02-21T16:29:26.764+08:00Sejarah Kesultanan Kelantan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Negeri <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ms/thumb/a/aa/Cik_Siti_Wan_Kembang_%28U%29.jpg/130px-Cik_Siti_Wan_Kembang_%28U%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Cik Siti Wan Kembang" border="0" height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ms/thumb/a/aa/Cik_Siti_Wan_Kembang_%28U%29.jpg/130px-Cik_Siti_Wan_Kembang_%28U%29.jpg" width="265" /></a><span style="color: red;">Yang mempunyai seni budaya tradisional</span> yang unik ini juga mempunyai sejarah persinggahsanaan yang menarik. <b>Diriwayatkan dalam tahun 1411M (814H) di Kelantan, terdapat seorang Raja yang beragama Islam bernama <span style="color: red;">Raja Kumar</span></b>. Tetapi sehingga kini ahli-ahli sejarah masih belum dapat mengesani daripada manakah asalnya Raja Kumar ini. Walau bagaimanapun baginda <span style="color: blue;">Raja Kumar telah menjalinkan hubungan muhibbah dengan Maharaja <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>, dan sebaliknya dalam tahun 1412M,</span> baginda Raja Kumar telah menerima persembahan balas berupa kain-kain sutera dan surat kepujian daripada Maharaja China itu.</div>
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Selepas pemerintahan Raja Kumar lahir pula <b>pemerintahan <span style="color: red;">Sultan Iskandar</span> sehingga 1465M</b>. Kemudian Kelantan diperintah pula oleh <span style="color: red;"><b>Putera Baginda Sultan Mansur</b></span>. Dalam zaman pemerintahan Sultan Mansur, nama Kelantan telah menjadi masyhur sehingga ke negeri<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Melaka">Melaka</a> di bawah pemerintahan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Shah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sultan Mahmud Shah">Sultan Mahmud Shah</a>. Pada 1477M, Sultan Melaka ini telah menghantar bala tenteranya untuk menyerang Kelantan. Walau bagaimanapun ia berakhir dengan satu simpulan peristiwa yang menarik, iaitu baginda <span style="color: blue;">Sultan Mahmud Shah telah berkahwin dengan Puteri Sultan Mansur yang bernama </span><span style="color: red;">Onang Kening,</span><span style="color: blue;"> yang kemudian menjadi bonda kepada Raja Perak yang pertama, iaitu Sultan Muzaffar Shah (1528M).</span></div>
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Apabila Sultan Mansur Shah mangkat 1526M (928H), maka putera baginda, <span style="color: red;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Gombak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Gombak">Raja Gombak</a> </span>ditabalkan menjadi Sultan dengan gelaran <span style="color: red;"><b>"Sultan Gombak"</b></span>. </div>
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<u><span style="color: red;"><b>Raja Gombak</b> </span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">merupakan anak kepada <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Mansur_Shah_ibni_Almarhum_Sultan_Iskandar&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Sultan Mansur Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar (tidak wujud)">Sultan Mansur Shah (Kelantan)</a> yang mangkat pada kira-kira tahun masehi 1526. Baginda dilantik menjadi pemerintah Kelantan dan memerintah di<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulau_Sabar&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Pulau Sabar (tidak wujud)">Pulau Sabar</a> juga, dalam tahun 1548 Raja Gombak telah mangkat dengan tidak meningggalkan zuriat<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Gombak#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Selepas kemangkatan Sultan Gombak, baginda digantikan oleh anak saudara baginda yang bernama <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raja_Ahmad&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Ahmad (tidak wujud)">Raja Ahmad</a> sebagai pemerintah <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, dengan gelaran <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ahmad" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Sultan Ahmad">Sultan Ahmad</a>. Menurut beberapa punca sejarah Sultan Ahmad ini mempunyai seorang puteri yang sangat jelita yang bernama Puteri <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cik_Siti_Wan_Kembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Cik Siti Wan Kembang">Cik Siti Wan Kembang</a>.</span></div>
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Setelah baginda Raja Gombak mangkat, maka cucunda baginda yang telah dijadikan putera angkat, iaitu <span style="color: red;"><b>Raja Ahmad</b></span>,<span style="color: blue;"> ditabal menjadi Sultan Kelantan pada 1584M (992H). Dengan gelaran Sultan Ahmad</span>, <span style="color: blue;">Baginda telah berkahwin dengan Cik Banun Puteri Seri Nara DiRaja, iaitu sepupu kepada Raja Hussein di sebelah isteri Lela Wangsa Pahan</span>g. Baginda berdua telah dikurniakan seorang puteri dinamakan <span style="color: red;"><b>Cik Siti Wan Kembang.</b></span></div>
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Baginda Sultan Ahmad mangkat pada 1589M, sewaktu puteri baginda <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cik_Siti_Wan_Kembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cik Siti Wan Kembang">Cik Siti Wan Kembang</a> berusia 4 tahun, dan oleh sebab itu<span style="color: red;"> </span><b><span style="color: red;">Raja Hussein</span> dari Johor telah dilantik menjadi Pemangku Raja Pemerintah Kelantan</b>. Bila Raja Hussein mangkat pada 1610M (1018H), maka <b><span style="color: red;">Cik Wan Kembang</span> ditabalkam menjadi Permaisuri Kelantan. Baginda bersemayam di Gunung Chinta Wangsa, Ulu Kelantan</b>, kira-kira 40 kilometer ke arah tenggara Kuala Krai.<br />
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<b style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Cik Siti Wan Kembang.</u></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">Apabila <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Mansur_Shah_ibni_Almarhum_Sultan_Iskandar&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Sultan Mansur Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar (tidak wujud)">Sultan Mansur Shah (Kelantan)</a> mangkat pada 1526 M (928H), maka putera baginda, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Gombak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Gombak">Raja Gombak</a> ditabalkan menjadi Sultan dengan gelaran "Sultan Gombak". Setelah baginda Raja Gombak mangkat pada 1548M, maka cucunda baginda Sultan Mansur yang telah dijadikan putera angkat, iaitu Raja Ahmad, ditabal menjadi Sultan Kelantan pada 1548M. Dengan gelaran <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Ahmad_Shah_ibni_Almarhum_Raja_Muda_Mansur_Shah_III&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Sultan Ahmad Shah ibni Almarhum Raja Muda Mansur Shah III (tidak wujud)">Sultan Ahmad Shah ibni Almarhum Raja Muda Mansur Shah III</a>. Ini kerana <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Gombak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Gombak">Raja Gombak</a> tidak mempunyai anak. Lalu baginda Sultan Ahmad telah berkahwin dengan Cik Banun Puteri Seri Nara D'Raja, iaitu sepupu kepada Raja Hussein di sebelah isteri Lela Wangsa Pahang. Baginda berdua telah dikurniakan seorang puteri dinamakan <b>Cik Siti Wan Kembang</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">Baginda Sultan Ahmad mangkat pada 1561M, sewaktu puteri baginda <strong class="selflink">Cik Siti Wan Kembang</strong> berusia 4 tahun, dan oleh sebab itu Raja Hussein dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Johor">Johor</a> telah dilantik menjadi Pemangku Raja Pemerintah Kelantan. Menurut buku <i>Detik-detik Sejarah Kelantan</i> karangan Sa'ad Shukri Haji Muda, apabila Raja Hussein mangkat pada tahun 1610M (1018H), maka Cik Siti Wan Kembang ditabal menjadi Raja Kelantan pada tahun yang sama. Baginda bersemayam di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Chinta_Wangsa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Gunung Chinta Wangsa">Gunung Chinta Wangsa</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulu_Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Ulu Kelantan">Ulu Kelantan</a>, kira-kira 40 kilometer ke arah Tenggara Kuala Krai.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">Pemerintahan Cik Siti Wan Kembang di Gunung Chinta Wangsa menjadi terkenal menyebabkan banyak dikunjungi oleh pedagang-pedagang dari dalam dan luar negeri termasuk juga orang-orang <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Arab">Arab</a> yang mengelarkan Cik Wan kembang dengan panggilan "Paduka Cik Siti". Baginda mempunyai seekor <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kijang">kijang</a> yang amat disukai Baginda, iaitu persembahan daripada rakyat Baginda yang tinggal di<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Ayam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Gunung Ayam">Gunung Ayam</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">Gambar <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kijang">kijang</a> ini telah diterap di atas wang emas dengan perbelanjaan negeri, dan kemudiannya diabadikan pula sebagai sebahagian daripada daripada lambang kebesaran negeri Kelantan yang berkekalan hingga ke hari ini.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">Dalam masa pemerintahan Cik Siti Wan Kembang yang memerintah di Gunung Chinta Wangsa itu, maka disebelah timur laut negeri Kelantan telah timbul sebuah lagi kerajaan berpusat di <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jembal&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Jembal (tidak wujud)">Jembal</a>, dibawah pemerintahan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Sakti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Sakti">Raja Sakti</a> 1638M (1046H). Setelah Baginda mangkat, maka putera Baginda, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Loyor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Loyor">Raja Loyor</a> telah ditabal menjadi Raja pada 1649M (1059H). Baginda dianugerahkan dengan dua orang cahaya mata iaitu seorang putera yang mangkat sejak kecil lagi dan seorang puteri bernama <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Saadong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Puteri Saadong">Puteri Saadong</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">Hubungan baik telah terjalin di antara Kerajaan Cik Siti Wan Kembang di Gunung Chinta Wangsa, dengan Kerajaan Loyor di Jembal. Baginda Cik Siti Wan Kembang telah mengambil Puteri Saadong sebagai anak angkat yang akan mewarisi takhta kerajaan sepeninggalannya nanti, kerana Baginda tidak mempunyai puteri ataupun putera sebab baginda tidak pernah berkahwin.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Saadong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Puteri Saadong">Puteri Saadong</a> seorang gadis ayu yang cantik dan jelita, digelar oleh penduduk Gunung Chinta Wangsa sebagai Puteri Wijaya Mala. Perihal kecantikan Puteri Saadong itu telah sampai kepada Maharaja Siam yang menghantar utusan untuk meminang Puteri Saadong, tetapi ditolak. Puteri Saadong telah dikahwinkan dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Abdullah_bin_Raja_Bahar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Abdullah bin Raja Bahar">Raja Abdullah</a> iaitu sepupunya, dan telah dimahkotakan di Kota Tegayong (Tanah Serendah Sekebun Bunga Cherang Tegayong) dan kemudiannya dipindahkan ke <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Jelasin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kota Jelasin">Kota Jelasin</a> di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Mahligai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kota Mahligai">Kota Mahligai</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">Menurut Setiausaha Agung Pertubuhan Kerabat Raja Jembal Kelantan, Tengku Mohd. Norhamzah Engku Hussin, 63, asalnya Cik Siti Wan Kembang bukanlah berpegang pada ajaran tauhid yakni <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Namun apabila tibanya pedagang-pedagang Arab ke Kelantan, baginda telah tertarik untuk mendekati agama itu. Bukti yang menunjukkan baginda asalnya bukan beragama Islam adalah nama belakang baginda iaitu Wan Kembang, bukannya Wan Fatimah atau Wan Aminah. Pedagang-pedagang Arab memanggilnya sebagai "Paduka Che Siti". Tengku Norhamzah menyifatkan baginda Cik Siti Wan Kembang selepas memeluk Islam, ialah seorang yang warak, ingatan berpanjangan terhadap wanita itu sehingga kini dan kehilangannya di Gunung Ayam yang dikatakan seperti ghaib sebagai antara ciri keramat.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">Satu sumber dari catatan pengembara Islam tersohor, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> menyebutkan terdapat seorang raja perempuan beragama Islam bernama Urduga di Kuala Krai (dalam catatan disebut Kilu Krai). Raja perempuan itu pandai menunggang kuda, memanah dan pandai menulis tulisan Arab. Sesetengah sumber mengatakan Urduga ialah Cik Siti Wan Kembang. Tetapi dakwaan Urduga ialah Cik Siti Wan Kembang kebarangkalian mungkin kurang tepat kerana jika dilihat pada fakta, zaman eksplorasi Ibn Battuta (1304 - 1369), jelas menunjukkan beliau hidup 300 tahun lebih awal dari kewujudan Cik Siti Wan Kembang.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">Buku Detik-detik Sejarah Kelantan menceritakan Cik Siti Wan Kembang telah membawa diri ke <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Ayam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Gunung Ayam">Gunung Ayam</a> untuk beribadat menghambakan diri sepenuhnya kepada Allah dan kisah hidupnya tidak lagi diketahui.</span></div>
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<b>Pemerintahan Cik Siti Wan Kembang di Gunung Chinta Wangsa </b>menjadi terkenal menyebabkan banyak dikunjungi oleh pedagang-pedagang dari dalam dan luar negeri termasuk juga orang-orang <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arab">Arab</a> yang menggelarkan Cik Wan Kembang dengan panggilan "Paduka Cik Siti". Baginda mempunyai seekor <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kijang">kijang</a> yang kemudiannya menjadi lambang kebesaran negeri Kelantan.</div>
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Semasa dalam pemerintahan Cik Siti Wan Kembang, telah timbul sebuah lagi kerajaan berpusat di Jembal, di bawah pemerintahan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Sakti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Sakti">Raja Sakti</a> 1638M (1046H). Setelah baginda mangkat, maka putera baginda, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Loyor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Loyor">Raja Loyor</a> telah ditabal menjadi Sultan pada 1649M (1059H). Baginda dianugerahkan dengan dua orang cahaya mata iaitu seorang putera, Raja Sakti yang mangkat sewaktu masih kecil dan seorang puteri bernama<b> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Saadong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Puteri Saadong">Puteri Saadong</a>.</b></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b><u>Raja Sakti </u></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Sakti_I" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Sakti I">Raja Sakti I</a> pemerintah Jembal, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, meninggal 1649</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Sakti_bin_Sultan_Umar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Sakti bin Sultan Umar">Raja Sakti II</a> pemerintah Jembal, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, anak kepada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Umar_bin_Raja_Sakti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Sultan Umar bin Raja Sakti">Sultan Umar</a>, cucu kepada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Sakti_I" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Sakti I">Raja Sakti I</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><u><b>Raja Loyor</b> </u></span></div>
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a<span style="color: #3d85c6;">dalah seorang daripada 4 putera <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Sakti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Sakti">Raja Sakti</a>, pemerintah di Jembal, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> pada abad ke-17. Baginda adalah pemerintah kedua kerajaan Jembal selepas kematian ayahanda baginda, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Sakti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Sakti">Raja Sakti</a> pada tahun 1649. Sebelum itu, baginda dilantik sebagai Bendahara.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Loyor#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br />Raja Loyor adalah ayahanda kepada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Saadong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Puteri Saadong">Puteri Saadong</a>, puteri yang masyhur dalam sejarah <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> itu. Baginda dikatakan telah berkahwin dengan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nang_Chauyang&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Nang Chauyang (tidak wujud)">Puteri Nang Chayang</a>, salah seorang raja perempuan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Patani">Patani</a>, dan memperoleh <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Saadong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Puteri Saadong">Puteri Saadong</a> hasil daripada perkahwinan tersebut. Seorang lagi anak baginda mati kecil.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Loyor#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br />Baginda digantikan oleh adinda baginda <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Bahar_bin_Raja_Sakti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Bahar bin Raja Sakti">Raja Bahar</a> Bendahara. Baginda dimakamkan berhampiran dengan Sekolah Menengah Kedai Lalat sekarang, kira-kira 10 kilometer dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Bharu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kota Bharu">Kota Bharu</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Loyor#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup>.</span></div>
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Hubungan baik telah terjalin di antara Kerajaan Cik Siti Wan Kembang dengan Kerajaan Loyor di Jembal. Baginda mengambil <b>Puteri Saadong </b>sebagai anak angkat yang akan mewarisi takhta kerajaan sepeninggalannya nanti.</div>
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Puteri Saadong seorang gadis ayu yang cantik dan jelita, digelar oleh penduduk Gunung Chinta Wangsa sebagai<span style="color: blue;"> Puteri Wijaya Mala</span>. Perihal kecantikan Puteri Saadong itu telah sampai kepada Maharaja Siam yang menghantar utusan untuk meminang Puteri Saadong, tetapi ditolak. Puteri Saadong telah dikahwinkan dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Abdullah_bin_Raja_Bahar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Abdullah bin Raja Bahar">Raja Abdullah</a> iaitu sepupunya, dan telah d<span style="color: blue;">imahkotakan di Kota Tegayong (Tanah Serendah Sekebun Bunga Cherang Tegayong) </span>dan kemudiannya dipindahkan ke Kota Jelasin di Kota Mahligai.</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">Puteri Saadong telah diculik oleh Penglima Tentera Siam bernama Phraya Decho dan dibawa kepada Narai Maharaja <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Siam">Siam</a> (1656-1688), kerana kesetiaannya pada suami baginda tidak boleh disentuh oleh Maharaja Siam</span>. Setelah Puteri Saadong kembali ke Kelantan telah berlaku pergaduhan dengan Raja Abdullah. Akibat pergaduhan itu Raja Abdullah terkorban kerana kena tikaman cucuk sanggul Puteri Saadong.</div>
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Selepas kemangkatan Raja Abdullah, Puteri Saadong telah melantik <b>Raja Abdul Rahim iaitu saudara raja Abdullah menjadi Sultan di Kota Mahligai pada 1671M (1082H) </b>dan dikahwinkan dengan janda Raja Abdullah, anak Penghulu Ngah Jembal. <span style="color: blue;">Selepas itu Puteri Saadong menjadi Raja di Bukit Marak dan sejak itu kisahnya tidak dapat dikesan lagi.</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">Puteri Saadong </span></b><span style="color: red;"><b>atau Mariam</b> </span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">(memerintah antara tahun 1667–1671)</span>,<span style="color: #3d85c6;"> merupakan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anak_angkat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Anak angkat">anak angkat</a> kepada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cik_Siti_Wan_Kembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Cik Siti Wan Kembang">Cik Siti Wan Kembang</a>, Raja Wanita Pertama negeri <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>. Nama penuh Puteri Saadong ialah Tuan Puteri Saadong binti Raja Loyor; juga memakai gelaran Puteri Vijaya Mala, Raja Jembal; merupakan anak perempuan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Loyor_bin_Raja_Sakti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Loyor bin Raja Sakti">Raja Loyor bin Raja Sakti</a>, Raja Jembal.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Puteri Saadong telah dibawa oleh Cik Siti Wan Kembang ke <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bukit_Marak&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Bukit Marak (tidak wujud)">Bukit Marak</a> apabila ibunya meninggal dunia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TheStar20090805_0-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Saadong#cite_note-TheStar20090805-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TheStar20090810_1-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Saadong#cite_note-TheStar20090810-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup> Puteri Saadong menggantikan pemerintahan ayahdanya yakni Raja Jembal pada tahun 1667, lalu Puteri Saadong ditabal sebagai <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Sultan Kelantan">Sultan Kelantan</a> pada tahun yang sama. Baginda Puteri Saadong merupakan raja wanita ke-dua di negeri <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Cik Siti Wan Kembang telah memperkenankan perkahwinan antara Puteri Saadong dengan sepupunya Puteri Saadong iaitu Raja Abdullah bin al-Marhum Sultan Samiruddin, Raja Kelantan-Selatan (Jembal) apabila Puteri Saadong berumur seawal usia 15 tahun.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Puteri Saadong telah ditangkap oleh tentera Siam lalu dijadikan permaisuri kepada <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raja_Narai&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Narai (tidak wujud)">Raja Narai</a>, Raja Siam (kini <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>), untuk menggantikan kehidupan suaminya. Berikutan penangkapan Puteri Saadong, Raja Abdullah mengambil pendirian untuk menunggu kepulangan Puteri Saadong, baginda Raja Abdullah tidak lagi berkahwin. Namun selepas bertahun-tahun menunggu, Raja Abdullah mengambil kepuusan untuk berkahwin lain.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Apabila Puteri Saadong telah kembali semula ke Bukit Marak untuk mencari Raja Abdullah untuk berkahwin semula. Lalu Puteri Saadong telah kecewa apabila mendapati Raja Abdullah telah berkahwin dengan wanita lain, atas perasaan amarah yang mendalam, Puteri Saadong bertekad lalu telah membunuh Raja Abdullah dengan menggunakan keris sanggul yang disemat dirambutnya.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Selepas insiden tersebut, Puteri Saadong telah meninggalkan Bukit Marak lalu hilang tanpa dijejaki lagi. Makam Raja Abdullah sehingga hari ini masih boleh dilihat dan dilawati di Padang Halban, Melor di daerah <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachok" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Bachok">Bachok</a>, Kelantan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><u><b>Raja Abdullah bin Raja Bahar</b> </u></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">merupakan putera kepada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Bahar_bin_Raja_Sakti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Bahar bin Raja Sakti">Raja Bahar</a> pemerintah Jembal. Baginda berkahwin dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Saadong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Puteri Saadong">Puteri Saadong</a>, iaitu puteri <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Loyor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Loyor">Raja Loyor</a> yang dipelihara oleh <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cik_Siti_Wan_Kembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Cik Siti Wan Kembang">Cik Siti Wan Kembang</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Selepas berkahwin dengan Puteri Saadong, baginda dilantik sebagai raja Kota Mahligai dengan gelaran Sultan Abdullah.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Baginda mati ditikam oleh isterinya Puteri Saadong dengan pacak sanggul kerana marahkan Sultan Abdullah yang berkahwin lain sepeninggalan Puteri Saadong ke negeri Siam. Baginda dipercayai mangkat pada 1671 dan dimakamkan di kampung Padang Halban<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Abdullah_bin_Raja_Bahar#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup>., Melor, kira-kira 13 batu ke selatan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Bharu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kota Bharu">Kota Bharu</a>.</span></div>
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Kemudian, <b>Raja Abdul Rahim</b> telah mangkat ditikam oleh rakyatnya di tepi Tasek Lelayang Mandi. Dengan itu putuslah sejarah "kerajaan mahligai" dan wujud pula <span style="color: red;"><b>Kerajaan Jembal</b> </span>yang pada waktu itu terletak dibawah<span style="color: blue;"> pemerintahan Raja Omar yang bergelar Sultan Omar </span>pada 1675M (1086H).</div>
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Raja Omar adalah adinda kepada Raja Loyor yang sebelum itu telah bergelar Temenggong Sultan Omar mempunyai lima orang putera dan puteri, iaitu Raja Kecil Sulung, Raja Ngah yang bergelar Raja Hudang, Raja Nah, Raja Sakti dan Raja Pah. Setelah Raja Omar mangkat pada 1721M (1132H), Baginda Long Bahar telah ditabal menjadi Sultan di Jembal atas kehendak puteri sulungnya, Raja Kecil Sulung. Baginda Long Bahar adalah putera Raja Petani (Wan Daim) yang bergelar Datuk Pengkalan Tua yang berhijrah ke Kelantan bersama ayahandanya dan berkahwin dengan Raja Pah Puteri Sultan Omar dan bersemayam di Sening dekat Jembal.</div>
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Long Sulaiman (Wan Anom Long Nik) anak Long Bahar dengan Raja Perempuan Patani bergelar Mas Kelantan mempunyai seorang putera bernama Long Yunus dan dua orang puteri, iaitu Tuan Dewi dan Tuan Kembang yang berkahwin dengan Long Deraman putera Tuan Senik Geting yang memerintah di Legeh. Pada 1756M (1169H) telah berlaku serangan untuk merebut takhta dan akhirnya telah membawa kemangkatan Long Sulaiman. Berikutnya Long Pandak, sepupu Long Sulaiman telah dilantik menjadi Raja Kubang Labu, dan adiknya pula Long Muhammad dilantik menjadi Raja Muda.</div>
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Kemudiannya pada 1758M, Long Pandak telah mangkat di tangan Long Deraman kerana membalas dendam terhadap perbuatan Long Pandak membunuh isterinya Tengku Tengah iaitu adik Long Deraman. Selepas itu Long Muhamad dilantik menjadi Sultan di Kota Kubang Labu. Dalam masa pemerintahan Long Muhammad telah meletus peperangan antara pihak Long Muhammad yang dibantu oleh Long Deraman dengan Long Gaffar, putera kepada Raja Reman di Hulu Perak. Dalam peperangan pada 1762M, Long Muhammad dan Long Deraman telah tumpas dan Kerajaan Kubang Labu telah dapat dikuasai oleh Long Yunus. bagi mengenang jasa Long Gaffar yang membantunya dalam peperangan itu, maka baginda Long Yunus telah melantik Long Gaffar menjadi Perdana Menteri memerintah dari kawasan Jeram sampai ke Pasir Tumbuh. Baginda Long Yunus telah berjaya menyatukan seluruh pemerintahan negeri Kelantan yang banyak itu dengan meletakkannya dibawah satu pemerintahan pusat sahaja.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Raja_Kelantan_Berketurunan_Long_Gaffar" style="font-size: large;">Raja Kelantan Berketurunan Long Gaffar</span></h2>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Long Gaffar</li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bermula pada 1750-an selepas Perang Kota Kubang Labu II</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Mangkat pada awal 1780-an</li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Long Seri</li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Pada masa pemerintahannya Patani jatuh ke tangan Siam (1785)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Mangkat pada usia 137 tahun</li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Long Demor</li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Pemerintahannya berpusat di Jeram</li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tengku Chik Pandak</li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Engku Besar Tun Ahmad</li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bermula ketika kemasukan pengaruh Inggeris</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tamat selepas peristiwa Pemberontakan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Janggut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tok Janggut">Tok Janggut</a> pada tahun 1915</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kemudiaannya berhijrah ke Kota Bharu Reman</li>
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Long Gaffar menguasai Kelantan (ketika itu dipanggil "Tanah Serendah Sekebun Bunga, Negeri Cik Siti Wan Kembang). Setelah menang perang iaitu perang Kota Kubang Labu 1. Perang tersebut berlaku selepas raja Kota Kubang Labu (dari keturunan Jembal) yang bernama Long Pandak membunuh isterinya yang merupakan puteri Raja Legeh (Narathiwat sekarang).</div>
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Puteri tersebut bernama Puteri Neng Mas(Tengku Tengah, adik Long Deraman) adalah juga merupakan sepupu Long Gaffar dibunuh kerana dituduh berzina dengan Long Gaffar kerana memiliki "kain Cindai" yang bernama "Cepa Melaka" yang dimiliki oleh Long Gaffar. Sebenarnya kain cindai tersebut dipinjamkan oleh Long Gaffar semasa lawatannya ke Kota Kubang Labu, kebetulannya pada masa ketiadaan Long Pandak. Puteri Neng Mas telah dibunuh dengan kejam, di mana mayatnya telah dibelah perut dan diikat di atas belakang <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gajah">gajah</a> yang bernama "Neng Malai" yang dihadiahkan oleh oleh Raja Legeh. Peristiwa inilah yang membangkitkan kemarahan Raja Reman dan Raja Legeh.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Gelaran_.22Long.22"><span style="color: red; font-size: small;">Gelaran "Long"</span></span></h3>
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<i>"Long"</i> berasal dari perkataan "sulong" iaitu anak sulung. Sudah menjadi kebiasaan dalam masyarakat Melayu, anak sulong dipanggil "long", "kak Long" atau "abang long". Sudah menjadi adat di kalangan raja-raja Melayu pula, putera sulung mereka akan mewarisi takhta. Jadi Long Gaffar adalah putera sulong Raja negeri <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Reman">Reman</a> (yang terletak di Yala, Selatan<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> hingga Hulu Perak sekarang).</div>
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Ada juga pendapat yang mengatakan bahawa perkataan "Long" itu berasal daripada perkataan Siam "Luang" yang bererti "Putera". Ini berasaskan hakikat bahawa semua anak-anak lelaki diberi pangkal nama "Long" tanpa mengira sama ada anak sulung atau tidak. (Ini berbeza dengan Long Jaafar di Perak kerana adiknya ialah Ngah Ibrahim). Anak-anak perempuan diberi pangkal nama Tuan di Kelantan, atau "Nan" atau "Nang" di Terengganu (dipercayai dari perkataan "Nae" bererti "puteri' dalam bahasa Siam).</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Keturunan_Raja_Jembal"><span style="color: red; font-size: small;">Keturunan Raja Jembal</span></span></h2>
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AImarhum Haji Nik Mat bin Raja Banjar adalah daripada keturunan Raja Jembal yang memerintah negeri Kelantan dalam kurun ke- 16. Keturunan Raja Jembal ini masih ramai lagi di negeri Kelantan, terutama sekali di Kedai Lalat, Pulau Melaka dan beberapa buah kampung lain di dalam jajahan Kota Bharu.</div>
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Sejarah Raja Jembal telah ditulis oleh Almarhum Dato' Perdana Menteri Paduka Raja, Kelantan, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haji_Nik_Mahmood_bin_Ismail&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Haji Nik Mahmood bin Ismail (tidak wujud)">Haji Nik Mahmood bin Ismail</a> (ayah Tan Sri Nik Ahmad Kamil dan Tan Sri Haji Nik Mustapha Fathil) sebelum <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</a>. Buku sejarah Raja Jembal yang ditulisnya telah dijadikan buku bacaan ilmu sejarah bagi sekolah-sekolah Melayu di Kelantan sebelum Perang Dunia Kedua. <sup class="noprint" title="Teks ini perlu petikan">[<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><i>perlu rujukan</i></a>]</sup></div>
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Antara ahli kerabat Raja Jembal yang terkenal ialah Puteri Saadong, anak angkat Cik Siti Wan Kembang yang memerintah di bahagian Hulu Kelantan pada waktu itu.</div>
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Asal-usul atau salsilah keturunan Raja Jembal ini bermula daripada seorang kerabat diraja Kedah bernama Raja Bersiong yang telah singgah lalu kemudiannya terus menetap di Kedai Lalat, kira-kira 10 kilometer dari Kota Baharu. Raja Bersiong ini dikatakan membawa dua orang anak angkat yang bernama Raja Sakti dan seorang lagi bernama Tuan Puteri Mani Kemian. Ada cerita yang mengatakan bahawa Raja Sakti itu berasal dari 'buluh betung' dan Tuan Puteri Mani Kemian itu terbit dari 'buih'. Dan ekoran daripada cerita dongeng itulah menyebabkan anak cucu Raja Jembal tidak memakan sayur buluh betung yang menjadi makanan kegemaran orang Melayu sejak dulu hingga sekarang.</div>
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Tetapi fakta tentang cucu-cicit Raja Jembal zaman sekarang sudah dikaburi dengan cerita yang dianggap dongeng dan sudah tidak percaya lagi dengannya. didapati kini tiada lagi keturunan Raja Jembal itu yang percaya dengan dongeng yang mengatakan asal-usul nenek moyang mereka dari buluh betung dan buih.</div>
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Cerita yang mengatakan bahawa Raja Sakti itu keluar dari buluh betung dan Tuan Puteri Mani Kemian itu keluar dari buih hanyalah rekaan dan khayalan penulis sejarah yang tidak begitu arif tentang sejarah dan salasilah Raja Jembal. Walau bagaimanapun, dikatakan terdapat wasiat daripada Raja Bersiong yang tidak membenarkan anak cucunya memakan sayur buluh betung dan tidak membenarkan anak cucunya membuat alat-alat rumah atau alat-alat pertanian dan lain-lainnya daripada buluh betung. Anak-anak cucu Raja Jembal juga tidak digalakkan memakan sejenis ikan bernama ikan sekacang.</div>
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Sejarah keturunan Raja Jembal itu bermula daripada perkahwinan Raja Sakti dengan Puteri Mani Kemian, kedua-duanya anak angkat Raja Bersiong. Setelah kemangkatan Raja Bersiong, Raja Sakti telah dilsytiharkan sebagai raja yang berdaulat di sekitar Kedai Lalat dan beberapa daerah lain di Kelantan. Hasil daripada perkahwinan Raja Sakti dengan Puteri Mani Kemian itu lahirlah Raja Loyor, Raja Omar, Raja Bahar dan beberapa orang putera dan puteri lagi.</div>
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Keturunan Raja Jembal yang ada sekarang ini ialah cucu cicit kepada Raja Sakti dan Puteri Mani Kemian. Menurut Cikgu Tuan Mat, pemerintahan Raja Jembal di Kelantan berakhir setelah kemangkatan Raja Kecil Sulung (puteri Sultan Omar) pada tahun 1725. Setelah kemangkatan Raja Kecil Sulung satu rebutan kuasa telah berlaku antara puteranya iaitu Raja Abdul Rahman dengan adindanya, Raja Pah (adik Raja Kecil Sulung yg bernikah dgn Long Bahar Datuk Pengkalan Tua putera Raja Patani).</div>
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Akibat daripada perebutan kuasa itu, Raja Abdul Rahman tersingkir daripada takhta pemerintahan keturunan Raja Jembal ini dan suami kepada Raja Pah, Tuan Besar (atau lebih dikenali sebagai Long Bahar) mengambil alih pemerintahan daripada keturunan Raja Jembal. Perpecahan telah berlaku dalam kerabat keturunan Raja Jembal ini kerana Tuan Besar (Long Bahar) yang mengambil alih pemerintahan itu berasal dari Patani.</div>
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Sepatutnya Raja Abdul Rahman yang mewarisi takhta bagi meneruskan kuasa keturunan Raja Jembal ini kerana Tuan Besar atau Long Bahar itu bukan daripada keturunan Raja Jembal. Walaupun pemerintahan Raja Jembal telah berakhir, namun kesan sejarahnya masih wujud dengan adanya makam Raja Loyor, makam Raja Omar dan makam Raja Bahar yang telah dibaiki dan dibina semula oleh pihak Muzium Negara dalam tahun 1970an. Makam-makam ini terletak di sekitar Kedai Lalat.</div>
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Sebuah sekolah menengah di Kedai Lalat telah diberi nama Sekolah Menengah Raja Sakti dan sebuah sekolah rendah di pekan yang sama diberl nama Sekolah Kebangsaan Raja Bahar.</div>
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Dikatakan yang kerabat keturunan Raja Jembal kini berada di sekitar Kedai Lalat, Pulau Melaka, Sering dan di daerah-daerah lain di Kelantan dan masih lagi menggunakan bahasa diraja atau bahasa istana dalam pertuturan antara sesama mereka.Perkataan 'ku', 'patik', 'kanda', 'bonda', 'ayahanda', 'berangkat', 'cerat', 'mangkat' dan sebagainya masih digunakan oleh keturunan Raja Jembal walaupun kini mereka hanyalah rakyat biasa yang tinggal di beberapa buah kampung di Kelantan. Ini bererti bahawa pengaruh diraja dan istana masih tebal di kalangan cucu-cicit Raja Jembal yang masih hidup sekarang walaupun mereka telah dipisahkan dari istana sejak tiga abad yang lalu. Perkembangan masa telah membawa anak cucu keturunan Raja Jembal merantau keseluruh negeri di Malaysia Barat, khususnya Kuala Lumpur.</div>
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Persatuan Kebajikan Keluarga Raja Jembal telah pun ditubuhkan dan mendapat restu daripada Persatuan Kerabat Diraja Kelantan. Persatuan Kebajikan Keluarga Raja Jembal sekarang mula ditubuhkan oleh Allahyarham YM Raja Mahmud bin Raja Mamat, bekas Ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri Limbongan, Exco Pertanian Kelantan Darul Naim pada masa Barisan Nasional memerintah Kelantan dulu dan Naib Ketuanya ialah Cikgu Tuan Mat bin Raja Kechik.</div>
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Tuan Guru Haji <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Abdul_Aziz_bin_Nik_Mat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nik Abdul Aziz bin Nik Mat">Nik Abdul Aziz bin Nik Mat</a> juga telah dilantik sebagai penasihat kepada Persatuan Kebajikan Keluarga Raja Jembal ltu. Pihak Kerabat Diraja Kelantan telah diberitahu tentang perlantikan itu. Ini tidak bermaksud untuk mengulas secara panjang lebar tentang kisah dan sejarah Raja Jembal, tetapi hanya sekadar untuk mengaitkan serba sedikit riwayat tentang datuk nenek Tuan Guru Haji Nik Abdul Aziz dan keluarganya sebagai berketurunan daripada Raja Jembal yang masyhur dalam sejarah negeri Kelantan. Datuk sebelah bapa kepada Tuan Guru Haji Nik Abdul Aziz masih lagi menggunakan panggilan 'raja', iaitu Raja Banjar.</div>
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Tuan Guru Haji Nik Abdul Aziz mengingati suatu perkara tentang almarhum datuknya ini. Raja Banjar bukanlah orang kaya walaupun memiliki banyak tanah. Mengikut Tuan Guru Haji Nik Abdul Aziz, datuknya suka merantau meninggalkan rumah sehingga satu atau dua minggu. Apabila beliau pulang, dikerjakannya tanah dengan menanam kelapa dan getah secara bersungguh-sungguh bagaikan menggantikan masa kerjanya yang telah terbuang disebabkan merantau itu.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Kekaburan_Sejarah_Kelantan"><span style="color: red; font-size: small;">Kekaburan Sejarah Kelantan</span></span></h2>
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Terdapat pihak yang mengatakan terdapat penyelewengan yang berkaitan dengan fakta sejarah negeri ini. Pendedahan yang telah dibuat menyebabkan ada pihak yang terasa. Penyelewengan itu dikatakan bermula dengan terbitnya buku "Ringkasan Cetera Kelantan" oleh Dato’ Perdana Menteri Nik Mahmud Bin Ismail sebelum tahun 1950-an. Penyelewengan fakta ini dipercayai dilakukan secara terancang dan berterusan ini terbukti dengan terbitnya buku terbaru sejarah Kelantan iaitu "Iktisar Sejarah Kelantan" yang kemudiannya diiklankan di dalam majalah "Pengasuh" keluaran <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAIK" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="MAIK">MAIK</a>.</div>
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Dikatakan, ramai yang tidak menyedari bahawa selepas kejatuhan "Kota Kubang Labu" akibat Perang Kota Kubang Labu II pada tahun 1762 di antara Long Mohamad yang memerintah Kota Kubang Labu dengan Long Gaffar (Long Gaffar merupakan Raja Muda Negeri Reman dan bukannya anak pembesar Reman seperti yang didakwa di dalam buku di atas), negeri ini kemudiannya telah diperintah oleh Long Gaffar dan keturunannya.</div>
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Pusat pemerintahan utama semasa pemerintahan Long Gaffar di Negeri ini ialah di Kota Limbat, Peringat dan pada masa yang sama seorang tokoh iaitu Long Yunus (anak Long Sulaiman) yang merupakan sahabat baik Long Gaffar yang dianggap sebagai adik oleh baginda Long Gaffar. Lalu Long Yunus telah diberikan kuasa memerintah oleh Long Gaffar dari kawasan Pasir Tumbuh hingga ke Padang Garung, dan seterusnya hingga ke Kuala Kemasin dan Di sebelah Baratnya hingga ke Bukit Tanjung (Narathiwat). Walau bagaimanapun, segala keputusan dan kuasa sebenar berkaitan pentadbiran dan kes-kes jenayah adalah terletak di bawah bidang kuasa Baginda Long Gaffar di kota Limbat. Peristiwa ini yang menyebabkan munculnya nama "Kelantan", yang dikatakan berasal dari perkataan "Negeri yang Dikerat Lintang" antara Raja yang memerintah iaitu baginda Long Gaffar yang berpusat di Kota Limbat dengan Long Yunus dan sempadannya ialah Pasir Tumbuh.</div>
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Fakta tersebut dikatakan cuba diselewengkan oleh pihak-pihak tertentu di Kelantan dengan memutarbelitkan peristiwa (menyatakan Long Yunus yang beri kuasa kepada Long Gaffar) bertujuan bagi memperkecilkan dan seterusnya menghapuskan peranan Long Gaffar dalam lipatan sejarah Kelantan sedangkan dalam perang tersebut, dipercayai Long Gaffar berjaya berperang dan mengalahkan Long Mohamad yang dibantu oleh Long Deraman.</div>
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Semasa pemerintahan baginda Long Gaffar dan keturunannyalah, telah terlaksana Hukum Hudud di Kelantan. Di antara tokoh yang terlibat dan menjadi tempat rujukan dan nasihat bagi perlaksanaan hukuman ini ialah <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haji_Nik_Ismail_Limbat_(Tok_Baruh)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Haji Nik Ismail Limbat (Tok Baruh) (tidak wujud)">Haji Nik Ismail Limbat (Tok Baruh)</a> yang merupakan keturunanan Raja <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jambu&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Jambu (tidak wujud)">Jambu</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Patani">Patani</a> yang asal. Keturunannya kemudian mengasaskan pondok <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Abal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bukit Abal">Bukit Abal</a> dan salah seorang dari keturunannya muncul sebagai tokoh agama yang terkenal iaitu <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuan_Guru_Haji_Daud&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Tuan Guru Haji Daud (tidak wujud)">Tuan Guru Haji Daud</a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Abal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bukit Abal">Bukit Abal</a>.</div>
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Pemerintahan keturunan Long Gaffar di Kelantan berakhir selepas peristiwa pemberontakan Tok Janggut pada tahun 1915 iaitu semasa pemerintahan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tengku_Besar_Jeram&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Tengku Besar Jeram (tidak wujud)">Tengku Besar Jeram</a> iaitu Tengku Besar Tuan Ahmad yang memerintah di Jeram, Pasir Puteh. Peristiwa yang membawa kepada kejatuhan pemerintahan keturunan Long Gaffar ini dipercayai mempunyai kaitan dengan keengganan mengiktiraf pengaruh <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggeris" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inggeris">Inggeris</a> dan Siam di negeri Kelantan. Akibat mainan politik penjajah Inggeris dan Siam, para keturunan Long Yunus kemudiannya diiktiraf sebagai pemerintah Kelantan.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Sumber"><span style="color: red; font-size: small;">Sumber</span></span></h2>
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Buku sebenar yang dipercayai mempunyai Sejarah Kelantan ini ditulis menggunakan tulisan Jawi Lama dikatakan ada tujuh naskhah. Buku ini dipercayai ditulis oleh penulis DiRaja pada zaman pemerintahan Baginda Long Gaffar bagi menceritakan tentang salasilah keturunan Raja-Raja yang berasal dari Pagar Ruyung dan kebesaran kerajaan baginda. Berikut adalah maklumat terakhir tentang buku-buku berkenaan:-</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Salah satu daripadanya dibeli di Kemaman oleh Haji Yaakob dan dijual kepada saudaranya iaitu Haji Abdul Razak Antik. Beliau kemudiannya menjual kepada Muzium Negara, tetapi sebahagian daripada muka surat iaitu muka surat 1 – 20 yang menceritakan kisah sebenar sejarah Kelantan telah dikoyakkan oleh pihak-pihak tertentu.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Naskah berikutnya dimiliki oleh Tengku Ismara yang kemudiannya diserahkan kepada <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_Dan_Pustaka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Naskah ketiga dimiliki oleh Haji Zahari antik kemudiannya menjualkannya kepada dua pensyarah universiti berbangsa Inggeris dan India pada tahun 1974 dengan harga RM700.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Naskah yang selebihnya dipercayai masih ada di dalam simpanan pihak-pihak tertentu, di antaranya ialah Tengku Abullah Tengku Seriwa Raja dan pihak Istana Kelantan.</li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Kesimpulan_Sejarah"><span style="color: red; font-size: small;">Kesimpulan </span></span></h2>
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Secara kesimpulannya, Kelantan terdapat 3 puak atau kumpulan yang pernah menjadi Raja atau Sultan Kelantan hingga sekarang iaitu:-</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Keturunan asal iaitu dari Raja Kumar yang kemudian memeluk agama Islam dengan bergelar Sultan Iskandar Shah. Dari titihan ini lahirnya <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cik_Siti_Wan_Kembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cik Siti Wan Kembang">Cik Siti Wan Kembang</a>.</li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Keturunan Raja Jembal yang berasal dari anak angkat Raja Bersiong dari Kedah setelah dihalau oleh saudaranya. Keturunan ini memakai gelaran Raja dipangkal nama. Puteri Saadong adalah dari susur-galur Raja Jembal.</li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Keturunan Datu Patani yang yang asalnya adalah "gabenor" yang dilantik oleh pemerintah pusat Patani bagi mewakili pemerintahannya mengantikan kesultanan Raja Jembal. Titihan ini mula memerintah Kelantan dengan perlantikan atau serah kuasa oleh Raja Kecil Sulung yang juga merupakan kakak kepada Raja Pah anak kepada Raja Omar adik kepada Raja Loyor kepada Long Bahar anak Raja Patani yang bergelar Datuk Pengkalan Tua.</li>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></h2>
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Kelantan bergabung ke dalam <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tanah Melayu">Persekutuan Tanah Melayu</a> pada 1 Februari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1948">1948</a>, dan mendapat kemerdekaan sama dengan negeri-negeri lain pada 31 Ogos 1957. Pada 16 September 1963, Kelantan secara rasminya menjadi salah satu negeri dalam Malaysia.</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corak_Pemerintahan_Kelantan_Lampau" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corak Pemerintahan Kelantan Lampau">Corak Pemerintahan Kelantan Lampau</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbandingan_Raja_Kelantan_Long_Gaffar_dan_Long_Yunus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbandingan Raja Kelantan Long Gaffar dan Long Yunus">Perbandingan Raja Kelantan Long Gaffar dan Long Yunus</a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Rujukan"><span style="font-size: small;">Rujukan</span></span></h2>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sumber Pertubuhan Kerabat Long Gaffar Kelantan (PKLGK)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Christopher Buyers, World Royal Family Research, www.royalark.com (cj.buyers@virgin.net).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Saad Shukri, Detik2 Sejarah Kelantan, Pustaka Seri Aman, Kota Bharu, 1972.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Abdul Razak Mahmud, Pelajaran Tata Rakyat Neg<span style="font-size: x-small;">eri Kelantan (1</span></li>
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</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-67795089832394366922012-02-17T12:52:00.000+08:002012-02-17T12:52:08.753+08:00كلنتن دار النعيم Kelantan Darul Naim<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Kelantan Darul Naim</b> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: كلنتن دار النعيم</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkfSRqbaW4w9QX12nFOTumTHAShbcYk-LBDP7IpAf-eUIrIHDYP7HTqSfKfASUmCZWhbmsEYi5taos1cm6qR0HTy7rv-J0VFcC5Hy6i0DpFolJA4cQBivA0MWH_sV_R4cX_z4iflxeuIs/s1600/110px-Lambang_Kelantan.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkfSRqbaW4w9QX12nFOTumTHAShbcYk-LBDP7IpAf-eUIrIHDYP7HTqSfKfASUmCZWhbmsEYi5taos1cm6qR0HTy7rv-J0VFcC5Hy6i0DpFolJA4cQBivA0MWH_sV_R4cX_z4iflxeuIs/s200/110px-Lambang_Kelantan.jpg.png" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: red;"> </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu Kelantan">Loghat Kelantan</a>: Klatè atau nama pendeknya <b>Kelantan</b> merupakan sebuah negeri daripada 14 buah negeri di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> yang kaya dengan sumber asli. Mempunyai keluasan lebih kurang 14,922 km², terletak di timur laut <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semenanjung Malaysia">Semenanjung Malaysia</a>, berhadapan dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_China_Selatan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laut China Selatan">Laut China Selatan</a>, dan bersempadan dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><a class="external text" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Kelantan%2C+Malaysia" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">(lihat peta)</a>. Kelantan ialah sebuah negeri agraria (pertanian) yang mempunyai banyak kawasan tanaman padi dan perkampungan nelayan.</div>
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<table class="infobox geography" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 23em;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" class="mergedtoprow" colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Flag of Malaysia.svg" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></a><br /><b>Negeri-negeri di Malaysia</b><br /><big><b>نڬري٢ د مليسيا</b></big></td><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" class="mergedtoprow" colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><b>Negeri Kelantan Darul Naim</b><br /><b>Al-Wilayah Kelantan Darul Naim<br />كلنتن دار النّعيم<br />Klate</b></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td align="center" class="maptable" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.8em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><table style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="50%"><span style="border-bottom-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: table-cell;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Kelantan.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bendera Kelantan"><img alt="Bendera Kelantan" height="66" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a></span></td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="50%"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Lambang_Kelantan.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lambang Kelantan"><img alt="Lambang Kelantan" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ms/thumb/1/1f/Lambang_Kelantan.jpg/110px-Lambang_Kelantan.jpg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><small><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bendera Kelantan">Bendera</a></small></td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><small><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambang_Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lambang Kelantan">Lambang</a></small></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogan_kata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cogan kata">Cogan kata</a>: <i>Berserah kepada Tuhan Kerajaan Kelantan</i></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagu_negeri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lagu negeri">Lagu negeri</a>: <i><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selamat_Sultan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selamat Sultan">Selamat Sultan</a></i></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; padding-top: 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="center" style="width: 300px;">
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<a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:MalaysiaKelantan.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Lokasi Kelantan"><img alt="Lokasi Kelantan" height="108" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/MalaysiaKelantan.png/300px-MalaysiaKelantan.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></div>
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<tr class="mergedtoprow"><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><b>Ibu negeri</b><br />(dan bandar diraja)</td><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Bharu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kota Bharu">Kota Bharu</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-top-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilihan_Raya_Umum_Malaysia_2004" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pilihan Raya Umum Malaysia 2004">Parti memerintah</a></b></td><td style="border-top-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PAS">PAS</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - Sultan</td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengku_Muhammad_Faris_Petra_lbni_Sultan_lsmail_Petra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tengku Muhammad Faris Petra lbni Sultan lsmail Petra">Sultan Muhammad ke-V</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri_Besar_Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Menteri Besar Kelantan">Menteri Besar</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Abdul_Aziz_bin_Nik_Mat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nik Abdul Aziz bin Nik Mat">Nik Abdul Aziz bin Nik Mat</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;">Sejarah</th><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"> </td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - Penjajahan Siam</td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;">1603 </td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - Penjajahan Inggeris</td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;">1909 </td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - Penjajahan Jepun</td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;">1942-1946 </td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - Pembentukan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;">1948 </td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_jumlah_luas_kawasan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Senarai negara mengikut jumlah luas kawasan">Keluasan</a></th></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - Jumlah</td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;">14,922 km²</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_negara-negara_mengikut_jumlah_penduduk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Senarai negara-negara mengikut jumlah penduduk">Populasi</a></th></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - Anggaran 2010</td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;">1,678,001</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - 2000 census</td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;">1,313,014</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepadatan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kepadatan">Kepadatan</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;">112.45/km²</td></tr>
<tr><th style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kod_panggilan_Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kod panggilan Malaysia">Kod panggilan kebangsaan</a></th><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;">09</td></tr>
<tr><th style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_poskod_di_Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Senarai poskod di Malaysia">Poskod kebangsaan</a></th><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;">15xxx to 18xxx</td></tr>
<tr><th style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombor_plat_kenderaan_Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nombor plat kenderaan Malaysia">Huruf pertama plat kenderaan</a></th><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><b>D</b></td></tr>
<tr><th style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/.my" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title=".my">Laman sesawang</a>:</th><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a class="external free" href="http://www.kelantan.gov.my/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.kelantan.gov.my/</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Berdasarkan pada Bancian Tahun 2000, Kelantan mempunyai seramai 1,313,014 orang penduduk. Kaum <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Melayu">Melayu</a> merupakan kaum yang terbesar dengan 95%, diikuti dengan kaum <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cina">Cina</a> 3.8%, kaum <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a> 0.3% dan lain-lain kaum 0.9%. Berdasarkan bancian tersebut, 95% beragama <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islam">Islam</a>, diikuti dengan agama <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> 4.4%, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kristian">Kristian</a> 0.2%, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> 0.2% dan lain-lain agama 0.2%.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px;">Geografi </span></div>
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Kelantan Darul Naim terdiri daripada 10 jajahan iaitu :-</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajahan_Kota_Bharu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jajahan Kota Bharu">Jajahan Kota Bharu</a> (<b>كوتا بارو</b>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajahan_Pasir_Mas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jajahan Pasir Mas">Jajahan Pasir Mas</a> (<b>ڤاسير مس</b>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajahan_Tumpat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jajahan Tumpat">Jajahan Tumpat</a> (<b>تومڤ</b>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajahan_Pasir_Puteh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jajahan Pasir Puteh">Pasir Puteh</a> (<b>ڤاسير ڤوتيه</b>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajahan_Bachok" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jajahan Bachok">Jajahan Bachok</a> (<b>باچوق</b>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajahan_Kuala_Krai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jajahan Kuala Krai">Jajahan Kuala Krai</a> (<b>كوالا كراي</b>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajahan_Machang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jajahan Machang">Jajahan Machang</a> (<b>ماچڠ</b>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajahan_Tanah_Merah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jajahan Tanah Merah">Jajahan Tanah Merah</a> (<b>تانه ميره</b>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajahan_Jeli" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jajahan Jeli">Jajahan Jeli</a> (<b>جيلي</b>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajahan_Gua_Musang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jajahan Gua Musang">Jajahan Gua Musang</a> (<b>ڬوا موسڠ</b>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajahan_Kecil_Lojing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jajahan Kecil Lojing">Jajahan Kecil Lojing</a></li>
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Bandar-bandar utama di negeri Kelantan termasuklah <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Bharu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kota Bharu">Kota Bharu</a> (ibu negeri), Pasir Puteh, Pasir Mas,<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Merah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tanah Merah">Tanah Merah</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Krai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kuala Krai">Kuala Krai</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeli" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jeli">Jeli</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantau_Panjang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rantau Panjang">Rantau Panjang</a> dan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkalan_Chepa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pangkalan Chepa">Pangkalan Chepa</a>.</div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: auto;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Iklim</span></h3>
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Negeri Kelantan mengalami iklim <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropika" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tropika">tropika</a> yang baik, di mana hampir setiap tahun hujan turun dengan berselang-seli mengikut bulan tertentu. Biasanya, hujan yang lebat akan berterusan selama beberapa hari atau selama beberapa bulan. Bulan-bulan yang mengalami hujan yang paling kerap ialah bulan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/November" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="November">November</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disember" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Disember">Disember</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Januari">Januari</a>, iaitu pada <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musim_tengkujuh&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Musim tengkujuh (tidak wujud)">musim tengkujuh</a>. Suhu setiap hari dianggarkan lebih kurang 21 °C.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 19px;">Sejarah</span></div>
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Bendera negeri Kelantan yang digunakan dari tahun 1912 hingga 1923. Sumber worldstatesmen<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup></div>
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Nama "Kelantan" dikatakan pencemaran daripada perkataan "gelam hutam", iaitu nama Melayu bagi pokok <i>Melaleuca leucadendron</i>. Ada juga yang mengatakan bahawa namanya datang daripada perkataan "kilatan" atau "kolam tanah". Selain itu Negeri Kelantan juga dikenali dengan nama <i>Tanah Serendah Sekebun Bunga</i>, <i>Tanjung Pura</i>, <i>Negeri Cik Siti Wan Kembang</i> dan <i>Serambi Mekah</i> pada masa dahulu.</div>
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Sejarah awal Kelantan tidak begitu jelas, tetapi temuan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arkeologi">arkeologi</a> mempertunjukkan kesan petempatan manusia di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_prasejarah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zaman prasejarah">zaman prasejarah</a>. Kelantan awal mempunyai perhubungan dengan Empayar <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Funan">Funan</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empayar_Khmer&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Empayar Khmer (tidak wujud)">Empayar Khmer</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Srivijaya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Empayar Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Siam</a>. Kira-kira <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1411" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1411">1411</a>, Raja Kumar, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja">raja</a>Kelantan, membebaskan negeri itu dari Siam. Beliau memakai gelaran Sultan Iskandar Shah apabila memeluk Islam. Kelantan kemudian menjadi sebuah pusat <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perdagangan">perdagangan</a> yang penting pad akhir <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abad ke-15">abad ke-15</a>.</div>
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Pada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1499" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1499">1499</a>, Kelantan menjadi negeri <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasal&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Vasal (tidak wujud)">vasal</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Melaka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kesultanan Melaka">Kesultanan Melaka</a>. Dengan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Melaka#Sultan_Mahmud_Shah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kesultanan Melaka">kejatuhan Melaka</a> pada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1511" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1511">1511</a>, Kelantan dibahagikan dan diperintah oleh ketua-ketua kecil. Dengan ancaman oleh Siam pada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1603" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1603">1603</a>, kebanyakan ketua kecil Kelantan bernaung di bawah <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persekutuan_Pattani_Besar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Persekutuan Pattani Besar">Persekutuan Pattani Besar</a>. Kerajaan pusat di <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pattani">Pattani</a> membahagikan <strong class="selflink">Kelantan</strong> kepada 4 wilayah iaitu <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan_Timur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan Timur">Kelantan Timur</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan_Barat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan Barat">Kelantan Barat</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legeh&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Legeh (tidak wujud)">Legeh</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulu_Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ulu Kelantan">Ulu Kelantan</a>. Kira-kira<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1760" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1760">1760</a>, seorang putera raja Kelantan Barat berjaya dalam penyatuan wilayah Kelantan sekarang. Tidak lama kemudian, pada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1764" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1764">1764</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Yunus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Long Yunus">Long Yunus</a> iaitu putera raja <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan_Timur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan Timur">Kelantan Timur</a>, anak<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Sulaiman&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Long Sulaiman (tidak wujud)">Long Sulaiman</a> berjaya merampas takhta kerajaan dan mengisytiharkan diri sebagai Raja Kelantan. Walaubagaimanapun, dengan kemangkatannya, Kelantan dipengaruhi oleh<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>.</div>
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Pada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1800">1800</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Muhammad" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raja Muhammad">Raja Muhammad</a> mengisytiharkan diri sebagai <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sultan">sultan</a> pertama Kelantan. Pada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1812">1812</a>, baginda melepaskan diri daripada pengaruh Terengganu dan menjadi negara <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ufti&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Ufti (tidak wujud)">ufti</a> Siam yang berasingan. Pada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-an" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1820-an">1820-an</a>, Kelantan merupakan salah satu daripada negeri yang terbanyak penduduk serta termakmur di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semenanjung Malaysia">Semenanjung Tanah Melayu</a> kerana berjaya mengelakkan perang dan pertikaian yang menimpa negeri-negeri di selatan dan barat. Siam terus memainkan peranan yang mustahak di Kelantan pada seluruh <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abad ke-19">abad ke-19</a>.</div>
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Di bawah syarat <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Inggeris-Siam_1909" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perjanjian Inggeris-Siam 1909">Perjanjian British-Siam</a> pada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1909">1909</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siam">Siam</a> menyerahkan tuntutan Kelantan, Terengganu, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> kepada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, dan Kelantan menjadi salah satu daripada<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri-negeri_Melayu_Tidak_Bersekutu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Negeri-negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu">Negeri-negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu</a> di bawah <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residen_British" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Residen British">Residen British</a>.</div>
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<strong class="selflink">Kelantan</strong> merupakan tempat pertama di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semenanjung Malaysia">Malaya</a> yang ditakluk oleh <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jepun">Jepun</a> yang menyerangnya pada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Disember" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="8 Disember">8 Disember</a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1941">1941</a>. Semasa pendudukan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jepun">Jepun</a>, Kelantan sekali lagi dikawal oleh Siam, tetapi selepas kekalahan Jepun pada Ogos <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1945">1945</a>, Kelantan kembali kepada pemerintahan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/British" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British">British</a>.</div>
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Kelantan menjadi sebahagian <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semenanjung Malaysia">Persekutuan Tanah Melayu</a> pada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Februari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1 Februari">1 Februari</a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1948">1948</a> dan bersama-sama dengan negeri lain, mencapai <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemerdekaan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kemerdekaan">kemerdekaan</a> pada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_Ogos" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="31 Ogos">31 Ogos</a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1957">1957</a>. Pada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_September" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="16 September">16 September</a><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1963">1963</a>, Kelantan menjadi salah satu daripada negeri-negeri yang membentuk <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Persekutuan Malaysia</a>.]</div>
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<span style="font-size: 19px;">Kerajaan</span></div>
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Sultan Negeri Kelantan merupakan Ketua <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perlembagaan_Negeri&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Perlembagaan Negeri (tidak wujud)">Perlembagaan Negeri</a>. Di bawah perlembagaan negeri, kuasa perundangan dipunyai oleh <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Undangan_Negeri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dewan Undangan Negeri">Dewan Undangan Negeri</a>. Dewan ini melantikkan ahli Dewan untuk membentukkan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majlis_Mesyuarat_Kerajaan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan (tidak wujud)">Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan</a> (EXCO).</div>
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EXCO, yang diketuai oleh <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri_Besar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Menteri Besar">Menteri Besar</a>, memegang kuasa eksekutif dan merupakan badan yang membuat dasar kerajaan negeri. Menteri Besar yang dilantik oleh Sultan adalah daripada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_politik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parti politik">parti politik</a> yang memenangi kerusi yang terbanyak di dalam Dewan Undangan. </div>
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<span style="font-size: 19px;">Ekonomi </span></div>
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<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> adalah berasaskan <span style="color: blue;">pertanian <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Padi">padi</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Getah">getah</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembakau" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Tembakau">tembakau</a></span>. Kegiatan menangkap <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ikan">ikan</a> di persisiran pantai sepanjang 96-kilometer turut merupakan aktiviti ekonomi yang penting. Industri kecil-kecilan yang menggunakan kemahiran tradisi dalam penghasilan kraftangan seperti <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batik">batik</a>, ukiran kayu dan tenunan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songket" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Songket">songket</a> juga agak meluas. Selain itu, kegiatan pembalakan juga aktif kerana ia keluasan hutan Kelantan masih banyak. Beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, pelancongan, terutamanya ke pulau-pulau makin popular.</div>
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<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasar_Besar_Siti_Khadijah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pasar Besar Siti Khadijah">Pasar Besar Siti Khadijah</a> di pusat bandar <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Bharu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kota Bharu">Kota Bharu</a> masih merupakan tarikan utama. Kebanyakan peniaga di sini adalah wanita dengan deria perniagaan bagus.Wanita di negeri kelantan adalah penggerak dalam ekonomi perniagaan.</div>
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Kelantan merupakan antara negeri termiskin di Malaysia, dengan KDNK per kapita sekitar RM6000, kira-kira satu pertiga negeri kaya seperti <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Pinang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pulau Pinang">Pulau Pinang</a>. Bagaimanapun, ramai penduduk Kelantan yang bekerja sendiri, dan data ini tidak termasuk dalam perkiraan KDNK.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Budaya">Budaya</span></h3>
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Kelantan merupakan negeri yang berjiran dengan wilayah-wilayah selatan Thailand yang dikenali dahulu sebagai Negeri Patani Darul Salam. Dari segi sejarahnya, Kelantan mempunyai hubungan sejarah yang sangat akrab dengan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Melayu_Patani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kesultanan Melayu Patani">Kesultanan Melayu Patani</a> yang didokongi oleh Kesultanan Melayu Islam. Di mana Kesultanan Melayu Kelantan mempunyai pertalian darah dengan Kesultanan Melayu Patani dan juga Kesultanan Melayu Negeri Champa. Setelah Kesultanan Melayu Patani dikhianati oleh Siam dan British maka ia telah demonisasi oleh Thailand. Negeri Patani telah dipecahkan kepada wilayah-wilayah kecil yang terdiri dari Yala(Jala), Narathiwat(Menara), Patani dan Songkla(Senggora).</div>
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Di bawah perjanjian British-siam pada tahun 1948 demografi pemerintahan selatan Siam telah dipisahkan. Kelantan di bawah Malaysia manakala negeri-negeri Patani di bawah Thailand.</div>
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Oleh yang demikian Kelantan mempunyai budaya yang unik yang sangat berkait rapat dengan budaya Negeri Patani. Asimilasi antara budaya Melayu, Siam dan Islam menghasilkan permainan rakyat seperti Dikir Barat, Main Puteri, Mak Yong dan seumpamanya. Mak Yong dipengaruhi oleh budaya Siam (Thailand), sementara Dikir Barat pula mempunyai unsur-unsur Islam. Main Puteri pula dikatakan diresapi oleh budaya Hindu.</div>
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Kelantan juga kaya dengan makanan tradisional dan berlainan dengan makanan Melayu di negeri lain. Di antara makanan tradisional Kelantan yang berkhasiat dikenali sebagai<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budu">budu</a>.Budu salah satu makanan yang paling popular di negeri kelantan.Sekarang masyrakat makin mengenali budu dan semakin tahu khasiat budu.Di samping itu nasi kerabu juga popular di negeri kelantan , hanya masyarakat kelantan dapat menghasilkan nasi kerabu yang sedap.Terdapat macam-macam makanan yang sedap-sedap dinegeri kelantan.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Bahasa">Bahasa</span></h3>
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Penduduk di Kelantan kebanyakan menggunakan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu Kelantan">bahasa Melayu Kelantan</a>, bahasa ini merupakan loghat dari bahasa Melayu piawai. Bahasa ini berbeza dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Terengganu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu Terengganu">bahasa Melayu Terengganu</a> tetapi digunakan sehingga di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Besut">Besut</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setiu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Setiu">Setiu</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>.</div>
</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-65033837803088501812012-02-06T20:57:00.001+08:002012-02-06T21:14:05.562+08:00Taming Sari - Lambang Kuasa Melayu !<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-large;">Taming Sari - Antara Mitos dan Realiti</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: 11px;"><br /></span></span></h2>
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<i style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;">Taming Sari bersama keris Seri Gading sebagai 'peneman'.</span></i></div>
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<li style="display: block; font-size: 12px; left: 400px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 400px;"><img alt="Foto" src="http://www.bharian.com.my/bharian/articles/TamingSari-AntaraMitosdanRealiti/pix_gal2" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><div style="margin-bottom: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Hulu Taming Sari.</strong></div>
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<li style="display: block; font-size: 12px; left: -400px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 400px;"><img alt="Foto" src="http://www.bharian.com.my/bharian/articles/TamingSari-AntaraMitosdanRealiti/pix_gal3" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><div style="margin-bottom: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Nor Jannati melihat bentuk Keris Taming Sari yang diseliputi dedaun emas ketika dipamerkan di Galeri Sultan Azlan Shah.</strong><span style="font-size: large; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Keris tersohor di alam Melayu lambang kebesaran Diraja Kesultanan Perak</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;">KERIS</span> iaitu sejenis senjata pendek yang digunakan untuk mempertahankan diri sejak lebih 600 tahun dulu tidak dapat dipisahkan daripada warisan galur bangsa.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Senjata unik di dunia Melayu ini boleh didapati di kawasan berpenduduk Melayu seperti Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapura, selatan Thailand; Mindanao, Filipina serta Brunei dengan nama yang digunakan untuk senjata ini berbeza mengikut daerah.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Misalnya, di Mindanao ia dikenali sebagai sundang manakala di Bali dipanggil kedutan, Jawa Barat menggelarkannya kujang serta penduduk Sumatera merujuk keris sebagai kareh.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Dipercayai perkataan keris berasal daripada bahasa Jawa Kuno iaitu malang kerik yang bermaksud bercekak pinggang. Ini merujuk kepada figura orang bercekak pinggang pada hulu keris pada peringkat awal.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Selain digunakan untuk mempertahankan diri ketika bersilat, keris juga menjadi alat kebesaran diraja atau lambang kedaulatan Melayu. Dalam ratusan jenis senjata ini, keris tersohor yang paling dikenali ramai pastinya Taming Sari.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Sebut saja Taming Sari, rata-rata semua orang teringat kepada pahlawan Melayu Melaka, Hang Tuah, begitulah sebaliknya. Gabungan Taming Sari dengan Hang Tuah sangat sinonim dengan sejarah dan kebudayaan Melayu. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Apabila timbul isu bahawa pahlawan Melayu, Hang Tuah sebenarnya tidak wujud seperti yang dipertikaikan sesetengah pihak, maka timbul persoalan sama mengenai kewujudan keris Taming Sari.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Benarkah keris Taming Sari itu wujud atau sekadar mitos untuk mengukuhkan lagi kewujudan Hang Tuah?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Pensyarah Akademi Pengajian Melayu, Universiti Malaya (UM), Mohd Ramli Raman berkata, keris Taming Sari banyak diceritakan dalam Hikayat Hang Tuah dan Sejarah Melayu serta beberapa manuskrip alam Melayu yang lain.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Mohd Ramli berkata, apa yang jelas, keris Taming Sari memang wujud dan menjadi alat kebesaran Kesultanan Perak. Malah, berdasarkan rupa dan ciri yang ada pada keris Di Raja itu, senjata ini memang asli dan berasal dari abad ke-14 kerajaan Majapahit.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Malah, beliau berkata, beberapa manuskrip lama yang ditemui juga menceritakan mengenai keris berkenaan dan terbukti senjata itu memang wujud serta masih terus terpelihara sebagai peralatan Diraja Perak.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">“Keris Taming Sari mendapat nama daripada hulu balang Jawa pada pemerintahan kerajaan Majapahit seperti yang ditulis dalam Sejarah Melayu mahupun Hikayat Hang Tuah serta manuskrip lain. Tidak kiralah sama ada benar wujudnya pendekar Taming Sari itu atau tidak, namun keris itu memang ada.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">“Mengenai keaslian pula, mengapa perlu dipertikaikan kerana senjata berkenaan adalah alat kebesaran Diraja Perak. Ia benar wujud dan asli kerana ciri yang ada termasuk jenis logam yang digunakan memang terbukti sejak lebih 600 tahun dulu,” katanya.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Mohd Ramli berkata, banyak mitos dikaitkan dengan keris berkenaan, namun mitos itu adalah kepercayaan. Jadi, soalnya, mengapa perlu diketepikan kepercayaan itu.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Menceritakan sejarah keris tersohor itu, beliau berkata, mengikut Hikayat Hang Tuah, keris berkenaan mendapat nama daripada nama pemilik keris itu, hulubalang Majapahit, Taming Sari.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">“Selepas pertarungan antara Majapahit dengan Hang Tuah, yang mana kemenangan berpihak kepada Hang Tuah, keris itu dihadiahkan Ratu Majapahit dengan Sultan Melaka dan kemudian diserahkan kepada Hang Tuah.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">“Selepas kegagalan Hang Tuah meminang Puteri Gunung Ledang, beliau menyerahkan keris itu kepada Tun Mamat untuk diserahkan kembali kepada Paduka Raja.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">“Namun, yang pastinya saya melihat keris Taming Sari adalah lambang kewibawaan, kekuasaan, darjat, rezeki dan mempunyai pengisian serta spiritual di dalamnya,” katanya.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Mohd Ramli berkata, selepas keris Taming Sari diserahkan kepada Hang Tuah, kerajaan Majapahit tumbang manakala Melaka menjadi lebih maju dan terkenal di mata dunia.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">“Selepas keris diserahkan kepada Sultan Melaka tetapi dibawa Tun Mamat ke Riau, maka berlaku kejatuhan Kesultanan Melayu Melaka dan apabila ia dibawa ke Perak, ‘roh’ atau spiritual Taming Sari melonjakkan Kesultanan Perak sehingga hari ini,” katanya. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Pantang larang Taming Sari</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">RIWAYAT dan kisah pertarungan hebat antara lagenda pendekar Melayu terulung, Hang Tuah dengan pahlawan Jawa dalam kerajaan Majapahit, Taming Sari akhirnya menzahirkan kewujudan keris teragung dalam sejarah ketamadunan Melayu iaitu Keris Taming Sari.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Mengambil nama sempena pahlawan hebat kerajaan Majapahit itu, Taming Sari dianggap keris sakti hingga menjadikan pemiliknya tidak lut ditujah senjata tajam. Malah, cerita silam mengisahkan pemilik asal keris itu, Taming Sari akhirnya mati di tangan Hang Tuah selepas ditikam keris berkenaan.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Kehebatan senjata itu tidak pernah terhenti diperkatakan sehingga kini, apatah lagi ia sering dikaitkan dengan Hang Tuah iaitu laksamana Melayu yang terkenal dengan ketaatan serta kesetiaannya kepada raja.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Namun, kebelakangan ini ada pula yang seakan menolak kewujudan Hang Tuah dan pada saat itu, Taming Sari yang tersimpan di Istana Iskandariah, Kuala Kangsar, Perak, menjadi bukti kewujudan pahlawan Melayu tersohor itu. Masakan tidak, Hang Tuah dan Taming Sari begitu sebati dalam sejarah Melayu.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Sumber dari laman rasmi Pejabat Sultan Perak menyatakan keris berkenaan diselaputi dedaun emas manakala sarung atau hulunya juga diperbuat daripada emas serta dipercayai adunan daripada 20 jenis besi yang sebahagiannya adalah serpihan besi ganggang pintu Kaabah.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Pemiliknya bukan saja tidak lut senjata lawan, senjata dipercayai berusia lebih 500 tahun itu dikatakan berupaya berlegar di udara ketika mengejar musuh. Taming Sari juga dipercayai mempunyai kuasa untuk memberi petunjuk jika Perak bakal dilanda sebarang musibah atau bencana.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Kelebihan dan keistimewaan keris itu turut dibuktikan dengan kajian Muzium Perak yang mendapati keris Taming Sari memang wujud kerana senjata itu menepati ciri-ciri yang diperlukan, termasuk gambar rajah pada Manuskrip Taming Sari bertulisan jawi kuno mengandungi zikir dan amalan perang amalan Tariqat al-Shazilliah yang dipercayai ditulis pada abad ke-15.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Walaupun wujud pertikaian mengenai keaslian Keris Taming Sari yang kini tersimpan rapi di Istana Iskandariah, Pengarah Muzium Perak, Nor Jannati Ibrahim memberitahu Rona bahawa keris itu asli dan bukan replika seperti yang didakwa sesetengah pihak.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">"Keris Taming Sari yang sebelum ini pernah dipamerkan di Galeri Sultan Azlan Shah di Bukit Chandan, Kuala Kangsar adalah simpanan dan warisan Sultan Perak. Jadi ia menjadi satu daripada alat kebesaran Diraja negeri ini. Malah, senjata itu hanya boleh dipamerkan kepada umum selepas mendapat perkenan daripada Baginda Sultan Perak sempena Hari Keputeraan baginda.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">"Lagipun keris berkenaan sudah menjadi hak Kesultanan Perak yang sah sejak 1528 selepas diwariskan Sultan Melaka, Sultan Mahmud Syah I kepada Sultan Perak pertama iaitu Sultan Mudzaffar Shah,” katanya.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Walaupun ketulenan atau keaslian keris berkenaan masih dalam kajian berterusan dilakukan pihak, tetapi Muzium Perak mempertahankan Keris Taming Sari itu adalah asli dan menjadi satu daripada alat kebesaran Diraja Perak.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">"Kebanyakan tohmahan timbul disebabkan generasi hari ini terlalu terdedah dengan maklumat atau fakta diperoleh daripada pelbagai sumber kurang tepat. Mereka hanya mendengar maklumat daripada sebelah pihak tanpa mengkaji sendiri sejarah sebenar Keris Taming Sari serta warisan alat kebesaran diraja itu.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">"Disebabkan itu, muzium negeri secara berterusan akan mengadakan pameran berkaitan peralatan bersejarah seumpama itu untuk memberi penjelasan kepada rakyat," katanya.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Biarpun pelbagai dakwaan dan pandangan dikemukakan mengenai kewujudan keris sakti ini, Taming Sari yang juga keris kuasa atau bawar menjadi lambang kedaulatan Kesultanan Melayu Perak kini disimpan rapi bersama 26 alat kebesaran Perak lain dalam sebuah peti besi khas di istana berkenaan.</span><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><i>Berikutan senjata itu mempunyai 'kuasanya' tersendiri, beberapa 'penjaga' alat kebesaran Perak mendakwa ada pantang larang yang perlu dipatuhi sepanjang mengendalikan atau membawa Taming Sari.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Antaranya, keris keramat itu tidak dipamerkan di dalam kotak kaca di ruang legar galeri secara bersendirian sebaliknya disertakan dengan keris Seri Gading sebagai ‘peneman’.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Dikatakan, keris Seri Gading yang juga salah satu alat kebesaran Kesultanan Melayu Perak itu diletakkan di hadapan Taming Sari sebagai ‘penawar’ dan ‘pendinding’ kepada keris terbabit daripada anasir yang berniat buruk terhadapnya.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Kesimpulan, walaupun ada pelbagai versi mengenai Taming Sari, rakyat Malaysia harus berbangga dengan memiliki seni warisan yang penuh dengan sejarah bahkan apa yang diwarisi adalah setanding dan diiktiraf negara luar.</span>
</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-86940913235345392802012-01-25T14:54:00.000+08:002012-01-25T14:54:16.157+08:00Kerajaan Melayu Patani كراجأن ڤتتاني<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Kerajaan Patani</b> (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi">Jawi</a>: كراجأن
ڤتتاني)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table class="infobox" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; line-height: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; text-align: center; width: 290px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><table class="infobox geography vcard vevent" style="width: 290px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="middle" class="mergedtoprow fn org summary" colspan="2" style="font-size: 135%; line-height: 1.2em;"><b>كراجأن
ڤتاني<br />Kerajaan Patani<br />Kesultanan Pattani</b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">
<table style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 30%; line-height: 105%; vertical-align: middle;" width="50"></td>
<td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 115%; vertical-align: middle;"><b>1516–1771</b></td>
<td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 30%; line-height: 105%; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;" width="50"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_Rattanakosin" title="Era Rattanakosin"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" width="30" /></a> <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Era_Rattanakosin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Era Rattanakosin (tidak wujud)"><span style="font-size: 300%;">→</span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; padding-bottom: 0.6em; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone">
<a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:PanPan002.jpg" title="Location of Pattani"><img alt="" height="185" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PanPan002.jpg/250px-PanPan002.jpg" width="250" /></a></div>
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<small>Peta Kesultanan Pattani</small></td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%"><b><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_bekas_ibu_negara" title="Senarai bekas ibu negara">Ibu negara</a></b></td>
<td width="50%"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patani" title="Patani">Patani</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Bahasa</b></td>
<td><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Pattani" title="Bahasa Melayu Pattani">Bahasa
Melayu Pattani</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agama_negara&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Agama negara (tidak wujud)">Agama</a></b></td>
<td><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni">Sunni</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan" title="Kerajaan">Kerajaan</a></b></td>
<td><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_beraja" title="Pemerintahan beraja">Pemerintahan
beraja</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<td><b>Zaman bersejarah</b></td>
<td>Zaman pertengahan (mula kurun ke-15)</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td> - Diasaskan</td>
<td>1516</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td> - Diilhak Siam</td>
<td>1771</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;">
<a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Patani.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="266" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ms/5/53/Patani.jpg" width="200" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Patani.jpg" title="Besarkan"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Lokasi Patani di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
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<br />
merupakan sebuah kerajaan awal di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Melayu" title="Tanah Melayu">Tanah Melayu</a> yang merangkumi wilayah <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani" title="Pattani">Pattani</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yala" title="Yala">Yala</a>,<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narathiwat" title="Narathiwat">Narathiwat</a> dan sebahagian <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkhla" title="Songkhla">Songkhla</a> kini. Bagaimanapun, pada
pertengahan abad ke-19 Patani telah menjadi mangsa dasar imperialistik kerajaan
<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam" title="Siam">Siam</a>. Mengikut buku <i>Hikayat Patani</i>
pemerintahan Kerajaan Patani diperintah oleh 3 dinasti iaitu<br />
<ul>
<li>Dinasti Sri Wangsa, dikenali juga sebagai Dinasti Ulu. Raja Perempuan
Pattani, Raja Ungku Binti Sultan Bahadur Shah telah berkahwin dengan Sultan
Pahang, Sultan Abdul Ghafur mengukuhkan hubungan Patani dengan Pahang serta
Empayar Johor amnya, dan beberapa kali serangan Siam berjaya dipatahkan dengan
bantuan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>. Setelah Raja Ungku mangkat,
puterinya hasil perkahwinan dengan Sultan Abdul Ghafur <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> menaiki takhta Patani<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Pattani#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup>.
</li>
<li>Dinasti Kelantan pertama yang diasaskan pada tahun <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1650" title="1650">1650</a> oleh <b>Raja Sakti</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Pattani#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup> yang memindahkan pusat
pemerintahannya dari Kota Mahligai ke Patani.
</li>
<li>Dinasti Kelantan kedua yang diasaskan pada tahun <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> oleh Raja Kampung Laut Long Muhammad bin Raja Muda <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> Long Ismail, dikenali juga
sebagai <b>Tuan Besar</b>/Paduka Seri Sultan Phaya Long Muhammad (Al-Marhum
Tanjung)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Pattani#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup>
. </li>
</ul>
Dalam tahun 1826, penaklukan Siam ke atas Patani telah diakui oleh <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/British" title="British">British</a>. Dalam usahanya untuk mengukuhkan
cengkamannya ke atas Patani, pada tahun 1902 kerajaan Siam melaksanakan dasar <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thesaphiban&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Thesaphiban (tidak wujud)">Thesaphiban</a>.<br />
Dengan itu, sistem pemerintahan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kesultanan_Melayu&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kesultanan Melayu (tidak wujud)">Kesultanan
Melayu</a> telah dihapuskan. Dengan termeterainya Perjanjian Bangkok pada tahun
1909, Patani telah diakui oleh British sebagai sebahagian daripada jajahan Siam
walaupun tanpa kerelaan orang-orang Melayu Patani.<br />
Semenjak penghapusan pemerintahan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Melayu_Patani" title="Kesultanan Melayu Patani">Kesultanan Melayu Patani</a>, orang-orang
Melayu-Patani berada dalam keadaan tertekan dan daif. Seperti yang diungkap oleh
W.A.R. Wood, Konsol British di <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_Songkhla" title="Wilayah Songkhla">wilayah Songkhla</a>, orang-orang Melayu telah
menjadi mangsa sebuah pemerintahan yang ‘misgoverned’. Justeru, tidaklah hairan
kekacauan seringkali berlaku di Patani. Pada tahun 1923, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengku_Abdul_Kadir_Kamaruddin" title="Tengku Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin">Tengku Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin</a>,
bekas raja Kerajaan Melayu Patani, dengan sokongan pejuang-pejuang <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>, telah mengepalai gerakan pembebasan.
Kebangkitan anti-Siam menjadi lebih hebat lagi apabila kerajaan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pibul_Songgram&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pibul Songgram (tidak wujud)">Pibul
Songgram</a> (1939-44) cuba mengasimilasikan kaum minoriti Melayu ke dalam
masyarakat Siam melalui <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasar_Rathaniyom&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dasar Rathaniyom (tidak wujud)">Dasar
Rathaniyom</a>.<br />
<br />
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<a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Patanimasjid.gif"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="281" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ms/thumb/2/29/Patanimasjid.gif/220px-Patanimasjid.gif" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sebuah masjid di Patani</span></div>
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<br />
Penglibatan Siam dalam Perang Dunia Kedua di pihak Jepun telah memberikan
harapan kepada orang-orang Melayu Patani untuk membebaskan tanah air mereka
daripada penjajahan Siam. <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tengku_Mahmood_Mahyideen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tengku Mahmood Mahyideen (tidak wujud)">Tengku
Mahmood Mahyideen</a>, putera bekas Raja Melayu Patani juga seorang pegawai
berpangkat Mejar dalam pasukan Force 136, telah mengemukakan rayuan kepada pihak
berkuasa British di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> supaya mengambil
alih Patani dan wilayah sekitarnya serta digabungkan dengan Tanah Melayu.<br />
Cadangan Tengku Mahmud itu adalah selaras dengan rancangan Pejabat Tanah
Jajahan British untuk mengkaji kedudukan Segenting Kra dari sudut kepentingan
keselamatan Tanah Melayu selepas perang nanti.<br />
Harapan itu semakin cerah apabila kuasa-kuasa berikat, dalam Perisytiharan
San Francisco pada bulan bulan April 1945, menerima prinsip hak menentu nasib
sendiri (<i>self-determination</i>) sebagai usaha membebaskan tanah jajahan
daripada belenggu penjajahan.<br />
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<a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:The-Malay-Kingdom-Patani.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ms/8/86/The-Malay-Kingdom-Patani.jpg" width="258" /></a>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sebuah buku bertajuk 'The Malay Kingdom of Patani' tulisan
Ibrahim Syukri</span></div>
</div>
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<br />
Atas semangat itu, pada 1 November 1945, sekumpulan pemimpin Melayu Patani
dipimpin oleh <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengku_Abdul_Jalal" title="Tengku Abdul Jalal">Tengku Abdul Jalal</a>, bekas <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakil_rakyat" title="Wakil rakyat">wakil rakyat</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_Narathiwat" title="Wilayah Narathiwat">wilayah Narathiwat</a>, telah mengemukakan
petisyen kepada Kerajaan British merayu supaya empat wilayah di Selatan Siam
dibebaskan daripada pemerintahan Siam dan digabungkan dengan Semenanjung Tanah
Melayu. Namun begitu, pendirian British terhadap Siam berubah apabila Peperangan
Pasifik tamat. Keselamatan tanah jajahan dan kepentingan British di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> Tenggara menjadi pertimbangan utama
kerajaan British dalam penggubalan dasarnya terhadap Siam atau pun Patani.<br />
Kerajaan British memerlukan kerjasama Siam bagi mendapatkan bekalan beras
bagi keperluan tanah jajahannya. Tidak kurang pentingnya, kerajaan British
terpaksa menyesuaikan dasarnya terhadap Siam dengan tuntutan Amerika Syarikat
yang mahu mengekalkan wilayah Siam seperti dalam tahun 1941.<br />
Kebangkitan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunis" title="Komunis">Komunis</a> di Asia Tenggara, khususnya di Tanah Melayu
pada tahun 1948, menjadi faktor pertimbangan British dalam menentukan dasarnya.
Kerajaan British menganggap Siam sebagai negara penampan terhadap ancaman <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komunis_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Komunis di China (tidak wujud)">Komunis
di China</a>. Justeru, Kerajaan British mahu memastikan Siam terus stabil dan
memihak kepada Barat dalam persaingan dengan Negara-Negara Komunis. Kerajaan
British memerlukan kerjasama kerajaan Siam bagi menghapuskan kegiatan
penganas-penganas Komunis di perbatasan Tanah Melayu-Siam.<br />
<br />
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<a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Patani-pitis1.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="212" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ms/thumb/a/a1/Patani-pitis1.jpg/220px-Patani-pitis1.jpg" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Pitis Patani bertarikh 1309 Hijrah (1891 Masihi) yang tertera
'Al Matsaraffi Balad Al Patani Sanat </span>1309'</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
Kebetulan pula kerajaan Siam telah memberi jaminan untuk memperkenalkan
reformasi pentadbiran dan sosio-ekonomi di Patani bagi mengatasi masalah yang
dihadapi oleh masyarakat Melayu. Oleh kerana itu, isu Patani mula dianggap
kurang penting malahan kiranya dibangkitkan akan menjejaskan hubungan dengan
Siam.<br />
Selepas Persidangan Songkhla pada awal Januari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>, pihak berkuasa British di Tanah Melayu atas tuntutan
pihak Siam mula mengambil tindakan terhadap pemimpin-pemimpin pejuangan Patani.
<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GEMPAR&action=edit&redlink=1" title="GEMPAR (tidak wujud)">GEMPAR</a> juga
telah diharamkan. <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tengku_Mahmood_Mahyideen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tengku Mahmood Mahyideen (tidak wujud)">Tengku
Mahmood Mahyideen</a> telah ditekan manakala <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Sulung" title="Haji Sulung">Haji Sulung</a> dihukum penjara.
Pergerakan politik Patani semakin lemah dengan kematian Tengku Mahmood Mahyideen
dan Haji Sulung pada tahun 1954.<br />
</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-55702424138927865742012-01-11T17:37:00.000+08:002012-02-01T12:33:53.601+08:00Foods that fight colds and flu<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red;"><strong>Don't catch the flu bug this festive season with the help of these power foods.</strong></span></div>
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(AFP/Relaxnews) - It's that time of year again. In addition to post-holiday food comas and winter lethargy, cold and flu season lurks around the corner ready to pounce on weakened immune systems and ill-prepared victims. In a recent study published in the British Journal of Nutrition, researchers in New Zealand found that eating gold kiwifruit could help reduce the severity of colds. <br />
<strong>Here are some other cold- and flu-fighting foods that could help keep illness at bay, according to the experts at WebMD.com.</strong><br />
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<strong>Garlic</strong><br />
Stuffed up? Garlic contains a natural antibiotic called allicin, which fights viral and bacterial infections and acts as a decongestant.<br />
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<strong>Tea</strong><br />
Whether it's green or black, tea is chock full of polyphenols or antioxidants which have antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties.<br />
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<strong>Honey</strong><br />
Honey acts in multiple ways: in addition to having antioxidant and antibacterial properties to help fight viruses, honey also helps to coat the throat and provide relief. Use it to sweeten tea and you get double the benefits as tea is also a good cold and flu-fighter.<br />
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<strong>Spices</strong><br />
Spices like turmeric, cloves and cinnamon are packed with antioxidants which help boost the immune system. Spicy foods can also act as a decongestant and get the sinuses running.<br />
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<strong>Mushrooms</strong><br />
Mushrooms are high in beta-glucans which can help fend off a cold by targeting and destroying disease-causing cells, and boost immune systems which have been weakened by chronic illness.<br />
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<strong>Salmon and other fatty fish</strong><br />
A landmark US study published in 2009 found that people who were vitamin D deficient were more likely to catch colds and the flu. Salmon is a good dietary source of vitamin D.<br />
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<strong>Sweet potatoes</strong><br />
Sweet potatoes are rich in beta-carotene, an antioxidant which mops up damaging free radicals and helps strengthen the immune system.<br />
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<strong>Broccoli and other green vegetables</strong><br />
Broccoli contains antioxidants and is rich in vitamin C, making it a powerful weapon in fending off colds and viruses. That goes for other green, cruciferous or leafy vegetables like spinach and cabbage which also contain glutathione, an infection fighter.<br />
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<strong>Ginger</strong><br />
Ginger has been used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine to ward off colds and flu, and is said to be a natural pain reliever and fever reducer. Some studies suggest it can also help with inflammation.<br />
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<strong>Chicken soup</strong><br />
It's called Jewish penicillin for a reason. In a study published in the journal 'Chest,' researchers confirmed that chicken soup had a mild anti-inflammatory effect that reduced symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections.</div>
</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-5636369844520600242011-12-30T17:49:00.000+08:002011-12-30T17:49:14.519+08:00KERAJAAN MELAYU PRA SEJARAH 4<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Kerajaa Srivijaya </span></b><span style="color: red;"> ( kurun 7 hingga kurun 14 )</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span style="color: red;"><br />
</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"></div><table class="infobox geography vcard vevent" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 290px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" class="mergedtoprow fn org summary" colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><b>Kerajaan Srivijaya</b></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><table style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 6px; line-height: 6px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;" width="50px"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Tua" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kedah Tua"><span style="font-size: 10px;">←</span></a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Tua" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kedah Tua"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerajaan Melayu"><span style="font-size: 10px;">←</span></a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerajaan Melayu"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></a></td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><b>Abad ke-7–Abad ke-11</b></td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 6px; line-height: 6px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;" width="50px"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Dharmasraya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerajaan Dharmasraya"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Dharmasraya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerajaan Dharmasraya"><span style="font-size: 10px;">→</span></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Melayu_Melaka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kesultanan Melayu Melaka"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Melayu_Melaka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kesultanan Melayu Melaka"><span style="font-size: 10px;">→</span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 11px; padding-bottom: 0.6em; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="center" style="width: 288px;"><div class="floatnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Srivijaya_Empire_id.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Location of Srivijaya"><img alt="" height="254" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Srivijaya_Empire_id.svg/250px-Srivijaya_Empire_id.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a></div></div><small>Pengembangan terluas Empayar Srivijaya sekitar abad ke-8.</small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" width="50%"><b><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_bekas_ibu_negara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Senarai bekas ibu negara">Ibu negara</a></b></td><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;" width="50%">Palembang, Chaiya, Jawa, Kadaram, Dharmasraya</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><b>Bahasa</b></td><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kuno" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu Kuno">Melayu Kuno</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskrit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><b><a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agama_negara&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Agama negara (tidak wujud)">Agama</a></b></td><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> dan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindu">Hindu</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerajaan">Kerajaan</a></b></td><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarki" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monarki">Monarki</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><b><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Srivijaya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maharaja Srivijaya">Maharaja</a></b></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - 671–702</td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Jayanasa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Jayanasa">Sri Jayanasa</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - 775–792</td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Dharmasetu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Dharmasetu">Sri Dharmasetu</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - 792–840</td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaratungga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samaratungga">Samaratungga</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - 988–1008</td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Chulamanivarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Chulamanivarman">Sri Chulamanivarman</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - 1008–1017</td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Mara_Vijayatunggavarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Mara Vijayatunggavarman">Sri Mara Vijayatunggavarman</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - 1017–1025</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Sangrama_Vijayatunggavarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman">Sri Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><b>Sejarah</b></td><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - Ekspedisi dan perkembangan Dapunta Hyang, (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Kedukan_Bukit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Kedukan Bukit">Batu Bersurat Kedukan Bukit</a>)</td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Abad ke-7</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"> - Penaklukan<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhasari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> pada 1288,<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> meletakkan suatu penamatan pada pemberontakan Srivijaya pada 1377</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Abad ke-11</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><b><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_wang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mata wang">Mata wang</a></b></td><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.8em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; vertical-align: top;">Duit syiling emas dan perak asli</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Srivijaya</b> (juga disebut <i>Sri Vijaya</i> atau <i>Sriwijaya</i> ) ialah sebuah empayar maritim<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Orang Melayu">Melayu</a> purba yang berpusat di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Tanah_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semenanjung Tanah Melayu">Semenanjung Tanah Melayu</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Muljana_0-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Muljana-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sumatera">Sumatera</a> yang banyak mempengaruhi <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-end_1-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-end-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup> Bukti terawal kewujudannya adalah dari abad ke-7; apabila seorang <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sami">sami</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Tsing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="I-Tsing">I-Tsing</a>, ada menulis tentang lawatannya selama 6 bulan ke Srivijaya pada tahun 671.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Kedukan_Bukit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Kedukan Bukit">Batu Bersurat Kedukan Bukit</a> bertarikh 683 masihi yang ditemui di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sumatera">Sumatera</a> juga ada menyebut tentang Srivijaya.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup> Kerajaan ini runtuh sepenuhnya pada abad ke-13 disebabkan pelbagai faktor, antaranya ialah kebangkitan kerajaan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Jawa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Suku Jawa">Jawa</a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-end_1-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-end-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup>Dari abad ke-8 hingga abad ke-11, Srivijaya adalah pusat pengembangan agama Buddha yang utama di kepulauan Melayu. Dalam <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskrit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Sanskrit">Bahasa Sanskrit</a>, <i>sri</i> (श्री) bermaksud "seri" atau "sinar" dan "vijaya" (विजय) bermaksud "kejayaan" atau "kemenangan".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MUNOZ_117_7-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-MUNOZ_117-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Selepas kejatuhan Srivijaya, ia dilupakan sepenuhnya dan ahli sejarah tidak pernah menganggap ada kerajaan bersatu yang besar pernah wujud di kepulauan Asia Tenggara. Kewujudannya pertama kali diakui secara rasmi pada tahun 1918, oleh ahli sejarah berbangsa Perancis <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Coed%C3%A8s" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Georges Coedès">Georges Coedès</a> dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="École française d'Extrême-Orient">École française d'Extrême-Orient</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MUNOZ_117_7-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-MUNOZ_117-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Historiografi" style="font-size: 19px;">Historiografi</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Tidak seperti pengetahuan tentang kerajaan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhasari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> dan sebagainya, tiada pengetahuan yang berterusan tentang Srivijaya walaupun dalam sejarah Indonesia; masa lalunya yang dilupakan sebenarnya telah dicipta semula oleh ahli sejarah asing. Tiada orang Indonesia moden, walaupun yang tinggal di sekitar Palembang iaitu pusat utama kerajaaan tersebut, pernah mendengar tentang Srivijaya sehingga tahun 1920, apabila sarjana Perancis <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Coed%C3%A8s" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Georges Coedès">Georges Coedès</a>menerbitkan penemuannya dan interpretasinya dalam akhbar berbahasa Belanda dan Indonesia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TAYLOR_26_8-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-TAYLOR_26-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup> Coedès mencatatkan yang rujukan Orang Cina purba ke atas "Sanfoqi" (sebelumnya dibaca sebagai "Sribhoja"), dan batu-batu bersurat lama dalam <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kuno" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu Kuno">Bahasa Melayu Kuno</a>, adalah merujuk kepada kerajaan yang sama.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Srivijaya telah menjadi simbol kepentingan Sumatra sebagai pusat empayar agung untuk mengimbangi <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jawa">Jawa</a> di timur. Pada abad ke-20, kedua-dua empayar dirujuk oleh para intelektual nasionalis untuk berhujah bagi satu identiti Indonesia di dalam wilayah Indonesia sebelum kewujudan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia_Timur_Belanda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindia Timur Belanda">wilayah kolonial Belanda</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TAYLOR_26_8-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-TAYLOR_26-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Srivijaya dan Sumatera telah dikenali dengan nama-nama yang berbeza oleh berlainan bangsa. Orang Cina memanggilnya Sanfotsi atau San Fo Qi, dan terdapat juga kerajaan yang lebih tua iaitu <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantoli" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a> dalam catatan Cina yang dianggap pendahulu Srivijaya.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MUNOZ_114_10-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-MUNOZ_114-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup> Ia dikenali sebagai Yavadesh dalam catatan Sanskrit dan Javadeh dalam catatan Pali.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MUNOZ_114_10-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-MUNOZ_114-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a></sup> Orang Arab menggelarnya Zabag manakala orang Khmer memanggilnya Melayu.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MUNOZ_114_10-2"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-MUNOZ_114-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a></sup> Penggunaan nama yang berbeza ini merupakan antara punca penemuan sejarah Srivijaya menjadi sangat sukar. Walaupun ada di antara nama-nama di atas yang sebutannya hampir sama dengan <i>Jawa</i>, terdapat kemungkinan besar ia lebih tepat merujuk kepada Sumatera.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Penubuhan">Penubuhan</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Candi_Gumpung_Muarojambi.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="153" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Candi_Gumpung_Muarojambi.jpg/220px-Candi_Gumpung_Muarojambi.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Candi_Gumpung_Muarojambi.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Besarkan"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Candi Gumpung di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>, yang merupakan salah sebuah wilayah Srivijaya.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:001_View_of_Borobudur.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/001_View_of_Borobudur.jpg/220px-001_View_of_Borobudur.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:001_View_of_Borobudur.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Besarkan"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Pembinaan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Borobudur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Candi Borobudur">Candi Borobudur</a> bermula pada era pemerintahan Sangramadhananjaya dan siap ketika pemerintahan Samaratunga.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Chaiya_Wat_Kaew.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="160" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chaiya_Wat_Kaew.jpg/220px-Chaiya_Wat_Kaew.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Chaiya_Wat_Kaew.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Besarkan"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Runtuhan Wat Kaew di Chaiya, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Thani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Surat Thani">Surat Thani</a> yang berasal dari zaman Srivijaya.</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sejarah awal Srivijaya adalah kabur. Catatan China dari <i>Sejarah Negeri Liang</i> menyatakan kewujudan sebuah kerajaan kuno bernama <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantoli" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a> disyaki berpusat di kawasan antara <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, dan dipercayai merupakan pendahulu Srivijaya<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MUNOZ_102_13-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-MUNOZ_102-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[14]</a></sup>. Ahli sejarah China, Shenyao (414-512) dalam bukunya <i>Sung Shunya</i> (Sejarah Awal Sung) ada menyebut tentang satu utusan dari negeri "Ho-Lo-Tan" yang dihantar oleh Raja "Shih-li-pi-cho-yeh" pada tahun 434 masihi, satu nama yang sangat mirip dengan sebutan "Srivijaya". Sejarawan moden berbeza pendapat tentang kedudukan sebenar "Ho-Lo-Tan", namun kajian lanjut menunjukkan ia terletak di<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Tanah_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semenanjung Tanah Melayu">Semenanjung Tanah Melayu</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coedes_54.2655_14-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Coedes_54.2655-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[15]</a></sup> Pendapat ini disokong oleh sarjana Belanda, Ir. J.L Moens, sarjana Jepun, K. Takakuwa<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[16]</a></sup> dan sarjana Jerman, Hermann Schlegel yang mengaitkannya dengan negeri <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> tua.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[17]</a></sup> Dalam tulisannya pada tahun 1937, Moens berpendapat Kelantan menggunakan nama "Sri Vijaya" tidak lama selepas tahun 666 masihi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[18]</a></sup> Menurut Coedes, oleh kerana telah menjadi amalan biasa di rantau ini pada zaman dahulu di mana Raja yang memerintah menamakan kerajaannya bersempena namanya, berkemungkinan besar nama Raja "Shih-li-pi-cho-yeh" ini merupakan asal-usul nama kerajaan yang muncul ratusan tahun kemudian (abad ke-7) di Sumatera.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coedes_54.2655_14-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Coedes_54.2655-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[15]</a></sup> Pada tahun 671 masihi, I-Tsing melawat bandar<i>Bogha</i> (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>) dan menetap di sana selama 6 bulan untuk mempelajari tatabahasa<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu">Bahasa Melayu</a>. Dari Palembang, beliau melawat pula negeri <i>Mo-Lo-Yu</i> yang menurutnya terletak 15 hari pelayaran dari Bogha. Dari catatan I-Tsing, nama negeri <i>Mo-Lo-Yu</i>baru bertukar menjadi <i>Sribogha</i> ketika beliau melawatnya.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[19]</a></sup> Keterangan I-Tsing dilihat konsisten dengan beberapa catatan batu bersurat yang menunjukkan empayar Srivijaya dibentuk pada abad ke-7.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Berdasarkan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Kedukan_Bukit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Kedukan Bukit">Batu Bersurat Kedukan Bukit</a> bertarikh 605 saka (683 masihi), kerajaan Srivijaya didirikan oleh <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Jayanasa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Jayanasa">Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa</a> yang memimpin satu armada dengan 20,000 bala tentera dari Minanga Tamwan ke Matayap dan menaklukinya. Beberapa batu bersurat lain yang ditemui di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Kota_Kapur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Kota Kapur">Kota Kapur</a> di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Bangka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pulau Bangka">Pulau Bangka</a> (686 masihi), Karang Birahi di Jambi Hulu (686 masihi) dan Palas Pasemah di selatan Lampung, menceritakan peristiwa yang sama. Dari keterangan batu-batu bersurat ini, dapat disimpulkan yang Jayanasa mendirikan Kerajaan Srivijaya setelah mengalahkan musuh-musuhnya di Jambi, Palembang, Selatan Lampung dan Pulau Bangka.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[20]</a></sup> Asal usul Raja Jayanasa dan kedudukan sebenar Minanga Tamwan masih diperdebatkan ahli sejarah, ada yang berpendapat armada yang dipimpin Jayanasa ini berasal dari luar Sumatera, berkemungkinan besar dari Semenanjung Tanah Melayu.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[21]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Srivijaya meluaskan lagi empayarnya dengan menakluk bahagian barat <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Jawa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pulau Jawa">Pulau Jawa</a> pada penghujung abad ke-7. <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Kota_Kapur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Kota Kapur">Batu Bersurat Kota Kapur</a>yang bertarikh 608 saka (686 masihi) menceritakan tentang sumpahan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Srivijaya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maharaja Srivijaya">Maharaja Srivijaya</a> ke atas sebuah kerajaan di <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Jawa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pulau Jawa">Pulau Jawa</a>sebelum Srivijaya menyerang kerajaan tersebut. Masa peristiwa ini berlaku adalah bertepatan dengan masa kejatuhan kerajaan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarumanagara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a>dan kerajaan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Kalingga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerajaan Kalingga">Kalingga</a> (Ho-Ling dalam catatan China) di Jawa Barat. Ada juga rekod menyatakan sebuah keluarga diraja beragama Buddha yang mempunyai hubungan dengan Srivijaya, mendominasi bahagian tengah pulau Jawa ketika itu<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></sup>, berkemungkinan besar dari kerabat <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sailendra">Sailendra</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MUNOZ_132_22-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-MUNOZ_132-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[23]</a></sup> Kejayaan Srivijaya menguasai Pulau Jawa, Sumatera dan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu membolehkannya mengawal laluan perdagangan utama di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Melaka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selat Melaka">Selat Melaka</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_China_Selatan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laut China Selatan">Laut China Selatan</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Sunda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selat Sunda">Selat Sunda</a> dan<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Karimata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selat Karimata">Selat Karimata</a>.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pada awal abad ke-8, pelabuhan-pelabuhan<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Champa">Champa</a> di timur Indochina mula bangkit menjadi pesaing kepada kuasa perdagangan Srivijaya. Untuk menghapuskan ancaman ini, Maharaja Srivijaya, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Dharmasetu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Dharmasetu">Sri Dharmasetu</a>melancarkan beberapa serangan ke atas bandar-bandar pesisir Indonchina. Bandar<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indrapura&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Indrapura (tidak wujud)">Indrapura</a> yang terletak di tebing <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Mekong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sungai Mekong">Sungai Mekong</a> pernah suatu ketika dikuasai oleh Srivijaya pada abad ke-8.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MUNOZ_132_22-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-MUNOZ_132-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[23]</a></sup> Dominasi Srivijaya di pesisir Indochina berakhir apabila Raja<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayavarman_II&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Jayavarman II (tidak wujud)">Jayavarman II</a> menubuhkan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empayar_Khmer&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Empayar Khmer (tidak wujud)">Empayar Khmer</a> pada abad yang sama.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[24]</a></sup> Sri Dharmasetu digantikan oleh <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaratungga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samaratungga">Samaratungga</a> yang menjadi Maharaja Srivijaya dari tahun 792 hingga 835 masihi. Tidak seperti Sri Dharmasetu yang mengamalkan dasar perluasan kuasa, Samaratungga lebih memilih untuk menguatkan kedudukan Srivijaya di Jawa. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Borobudur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Candi Borobudur">Candi Borobudur</a> di Jawa tengah dibina dan disiapkan pada tahun 825 masihi, ketika pemerintahan Samaratungga.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[25]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Struktur_dan_pusat_pemerintahan">Struktur dan pusat pemerintahan</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Candi_Batu_Pahat_of_Bujang_Valley.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="219" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Candi_Batu_Pahat_of_Bujang_Valley.jpg/200px-Candi_Batu_Pahat_of_Bujang_Valley.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Candi_Batu_Pahat_of_Bujang_Valley.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Besarkan"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Candi Bukit Batu Pahat di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembah_Bujang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lembah Bujang">Lembah Bujang</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>. Menurut <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inskripsi_Tanjore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inskripsi Tanjore">Inskripsi Tanjore</a>, ibu kota Srivijaya pada abad ke-11 adalah di Kadaram (Kedah Tua).</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pembentukan satu negara kesatuan dalam dimensi struktur kuasa politik Srivijaya, dapat diperolehi dari beberapa batu bersurat yang mengandungi maklumat penting tentang istilah-istilah <i>kadātuan</i>,<i>vanua</i>, <i>samaryyāda</i>, <i>mandala</i> dan <i>bhūmi</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kulke_25-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Kulke-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[26]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Kadātuan</i> boleh membawa erti kawasan <i><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datuk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Datuk">dātu</a></i>, (<i>tnah rumah</i>) tempat tinggal <i>bini hāji</i>, tempat disimpan<i><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emas">mas</a></i> dan hasil <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cukai">cukai</a> (<i>drawy</i>) sebagai kawasan yang mesti dijaga. Kadātuan ini dikelilingi oleh <i>vanua</i>, yang boleh dianggap sebagai kawasan kota Srivijaya yang di dalamnya terdapat <i><a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vihara&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Vihara (tidak wujud)">vihara</a></i> yang menjadi tempat beribadah masyarakat. <i>Kadātuan</i> dan <i>vanua</i>ini merupakan kawasan teras bagi Srivijaya itu sendiri. Menurut <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gijsbertus_de_Casparis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis (tidak wujud)">Casparis</a>, <i>samaryyāda</i> merupakan kawasan yang bersempadan dengan <i>vanua</i>, yang dihubungkan dengan jalan khusus (<i>samaryyāda-patha</i>) yang bermaksud kawasan pedalaman. Manakala <i><a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Mandala (tidak wujud)">mandala</a></i> merupakan satu kawasan autonomi dari <i>bhūmi</i> yang berada dalam pengaruh kekuasaan <i>kadātuan</i> Srivijaya.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pemerintah Srivijaya memakai gelaran <i>Dapunta Hyang</i> atau <i><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Srivijaya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maharaja Srivijaya">Maharaja</a></i>, dan dalam lingkaran raja terdapat secara berurutan <i>yuvarāja</i> (putera mahkota), <i>pratiyuvarāja</i> (putera mahkota kedua) dan <i>rājakumāra</i> (pewaris berikutnya).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caspa_26-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Caspa-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[27]</a></sup> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Telaga_Batu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Telaga Batu">Batu Bersurat Telaga Batu</a> banyak menerangkan pelbagai jawatan dalam struktur pemerintahan kerajaan pada zaman Srivijaya.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sekitar tahun 1993, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Yves_Manguin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Pierre-Yves Manguin (tidak wujud)">Pierre-Yves Manguin</a> melakukan penyelidikan dan berpendapat bahwa pusat Srivijaya terletak di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Musi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sungai Musi">Sungai Musi</a> di antara<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bukit_Siguntang&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Bukit Siguntang (tidak wujud)">Bukit Siguntang</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabokingking&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Sabokingking (tidak wujud)">Sabokingking</a> (di provinsi <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Selatan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sumatera Selatan">Sumatera Selatan</a> sekarang).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-end_1-2"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-end-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup> Namun sebelumnya <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soekmono&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Soekmono (tidak wujud)">Soekmono</a> berpendapat bahwa pusat Srivijaya terletak di kawasan hiliran <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang_Hari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batang Hari">Batang Hari</a>, antara Muara Sabak hingga ke Muara Tembesi (di provinsi <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> sekarang),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Muljana_0-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Muljana-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> dengan catatan Mo-lo-yu (I-Tsing) tidak di kawasan tersebut, jika Mo-lo-yu berada di kawasan tersebut, beliau cenderung kepada pendapat Moens,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Soekmono2_27-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Soekmono2-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[28]</a></sup> yang sebelumnya juga telah berpendapat bahawa pusat pemerintahan Srivijaya berada di kawasan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Muara_Takus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Candi Muara Takus">Candi Muara Takus</a> (provinsi<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Riau">Riau</a> sekarang), berdasarkan anggaran petunjuk arah perjalanan dalam catatan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Tsing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="I-Tsing">I-Tsing</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Poesponegoro_28-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Poesponegoro-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[29]</a></sup>. Ahli sejarah Thai berpendapat, daerah <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaiya&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Chaiya (tidak wujud)">Chaiya</a> di wilayah <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Thani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Surat Thani">Surat Thani</a> juga pernah menjadi pusat pemerintahan Srivijaya, berdasarkan penemuan banyak rumah-rumah ibadat dengan gaya<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_bina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seni bina">seni bina</a> unik yang berasal dari zaman Srivijaya.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jermsawatdi_30-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Jermsawatdi-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[32]</a></sup> Namun yang pasti pada masa penaklukan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a>, berdasarkan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inskripsi_Tanjore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inskripsi Tanjore">Inskripsi Tanjore</a>, ibu kota Srivijaya adalah di <i>Kadaram</i> (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> sekarang).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Muljana_0-2"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Muljana-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Hubungan_luar">Hubungan luar</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pada tahun 100 Hijrah (718 masihi) Maharaja Srivijaya yang bernama <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Indravarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Indravarman">Sri Indravarman</a> mengutus sepucuk surat kepada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khalifah">Khalifah</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_bin_Abdul_Aziz" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Umar bin Abdul Aziz">Umar bin Abdul Aziz</a> dan memohon baginda menghantar seorang <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ulama">Ulama</a> bagi menerangkan tentang agama <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Surat tersebut berbunyi:</div><table class="cquote" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: left;" valign="top" width="20">“</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 4px;" valign="top">Daripada Raja kepada sekalian Raja yang merupakan keturunan dari seribu Raja-Raja, yang permaisurinya juga merupakan cucu kepada seribu Raja-Raja, yang taman haiwannya mengandungi seribu <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gajah">gajah</a>, yang di dalam wilayahnya terdapat dua sungai yang mengairi pohon jadam, rempah wangi, buah pala dan limau nipis yang aromanya tersebar sejauh 12 batu. Ke hadapan Raja Arab yang tidak menyembah tuhan-tuhan yang lain selain Allah. Aku telah mengirim padamu satu hadiah yang tidak seberapa sebagai tanda persahabatan. Aku mohon agar kamu menghantar padaku seseorang yang boleh mengajarku tentang Islam dan menerangkan padaku undang-undangnya.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Azra_32-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Azra-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[33]</a></sup></td><td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: right;" valign="bottom" width="20">”</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Asia_900ad.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="205" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Asia_900ad.jpg/300px-Asia_900ad.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Asia_900ad.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Besarkan"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Empayar Srivijaya dan kerajaan-kerajaan lain di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia">Asia</a> pada tahun 900 masihi.</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Peristiwa ini menjadi bukti yang istana Srivijaya telah menjalin hubungan diplomatik dan perdagangan dengan dunia Islam-Arab. Bagaimanapun ia tidak bermaksud yang Maharaja Srivijaya telah memeluk Islam, tetapi mungkin untuk menunjukkan hasrat Sri Indravarman yang ingin mendalami undang-undang dan budaya rakan dagang Srivijaya dan tamadun-tamadun di sekitarnya seperti China, India dan Timur Tengah.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Srivijaya menjalin hubungan yang erat dengan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Pala&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerajaan Pala (tidak wujud)">Kerajaan Pala</a> di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggala" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benggala">Benggala</a>. <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inskripsi_Nalanda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inskripsi Nalanda">Inskripsi Nalanda</a> yang bertarikh 860 masihi ada mencatatkan yang Maharaja <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaputradewa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Balaputradewa">Balaputradewa</a>menghadiahkan sebuah kuil Buddha kepada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nalanda">Universiti Nalanda</a>. Hubungan dengan kerajaan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chola">Chola</a> di selatan India juga pada mulanya sangat baik. Sekitar tahun 1005 masihi, Maharaja <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Chulamanivarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Chulamanivarman">Sri Chulamanivarman</a> yang dirujuk dalam inskripsi-inskripsi India sebagai "Raja Kataha dan Srivijaya" telah mengarahkan pembinaan sebuah kuil Buddha di <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagapattinam&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Nagapattinam (tidak wujud)">Nagapattinam</a>, selatan India yang dinamakan bersempena namanya iaitu Chulamanivarmavihara. <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajaraja_Chola_I&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Rajaraja Chola I (tidak wujud)">Rajaraja Chola I</a> menghadiahkan harta yang banyak dari sebuah kampung kepada kuil ini.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coedes_141-143_33-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Coedes_141-143-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[35]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sri Chulamanivarman juga meneruskan tradisi menjalin hubungan yang erat dengan negeri China seperti yang diamalkan pendahulu-pendahulunya, dengan menghantar beberapa utusan ke sana.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[36]</a></sup> Pada tahun 1003 masihi, Raja <i>Se-li-chu-la-wu-ni-fu-ma-tian-hwa</i> (Sri Chulamanivarman) menghantar dua utusan menghadap Maharaja China bagi menyampaikan ufti; mereka menceritakan yang negara mereka ada membina sebuah kuil Buddha bagi mendoakan kesejahteraan Maharaja dan mereka memohon perkenan Maharaja China untuk memberikan nama dan loceng untuk kuil tersebut. Satu titah perintah telah dikeluarkan dengan kuil itu mendapat nama <i>Cheng tien wan shou</i>yang bermaksud "kurniaan 10,000 tahun dari Syurga" (dipercayai Candi Bungsu, salah satu bahagian dari candi yang terletak di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Muara_Takus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Candi Muara Takus">Muara Takus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[37]</a></sup>) dan sebuah loceng ditempa untuk dihadiahkan kepada utusan tersebut. Beberapa utusan kemudiannya dihantar lagi ke negeri China pada tahun 1004, 1008, 1016, 1017 dan 1018.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coedes_141-143_33-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Coedes_141-143-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[34]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Hubungan yang erat Srivijaya dengan dua kuasa besar di Asia pada masa itu, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chola">Chola</a> di India dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Song" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dinasti Song">Dinasti Song</a> di China telah membolehkan putera Sri Chulamanivarman yang menggantikannya, Maharaja <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Mara_Vijayatunggavarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Mara Vijayatunggavarman">Sri Mara Vijayatunggavarman</a> membalas dendam perbuatan Raja<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharmawangsa&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Dharmawangsa (tidak wujud)">Dharmawangsa</a> dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Mataram_Kuno" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerajaan Mataram Kuno">Kerajaan Medang</a> di Jawa Tengah yang menyerang Srivijaya pada tahun 990 masihi. Pada tahun 1006 masihi, bala tentera Srivijaya menyerang Kerajaan Medang dan menghancurkan Istana Watugaluh di Pulau Jawa. Dharmawangsa dan para pembesarnya kemudiannya dibunuh, membawa kepada berakhirnya Kerajaan Medang.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coedes_141-143_33-2"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Coedes_141-143-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[34]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Hubungan baik Srivijaya dengan Kerajaan Chola bagaimanapun tidak kekal lama apabila <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> menaiki takhta pada tahun 1012 dan melancarkan perang ke atas Srivijaya pada tahun 1025 masihi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[38]</a></sup> Rajendra Chola I menakluk hampir kesemua kota-kota di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu dan Sumatera. Serangan besar-besaran kerajaan Chola ini bagaimanapun tidak membawa kepada kelangsungan politik Chola ke atas wilayah-wilayah yang diserang kerana pada tahun 1028 masihi, Maharaja <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Sangrama_Vijayatunggavarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman">Sri Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman</a> yang ditawan di Kadaram telah digantikan oleh seorang Maharaja baru yang kemudiannya menghantar satu utusan ke negeri China. Dalam <i>Sejarah Sung</i>, Maharaja ini dikenali dengan nama <i>Shih-Li-Tieh-Hua</i> atau "Sri Deva" (berkemungkinan satu nama yang tidak lengkap).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coedes_141-143_33-3"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Coedes_141-143-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[34]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Agama">Agama</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kerajaan Srivijaya banyak dipengaruhi oleh agama-agama besar dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, pada mulanya oleh agama <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> kemudian diikuti pula oleh agama <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>. Dari catatan <i>Keterangan tentang Orang Gasar</i> yang dikumpulkan pada zaman Dinasti Sung, masyarakat "San Bo Tsai" dikatakan ada mengamalkan satu adat yang dikenali sebagai <i>Tung-Sheng-Ssu</i> (hidup dan mati bersama), yang mirip dengan amalan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suttee&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Suttee (tidak wujud)">Suttee</a>dari agama <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Takakusu_xli-xliii_38-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Takakusu_xli-xliii-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[39]</a></sup> Namun, berdasarkan catatan China dan India yang lain serta penemuan arkeologi, Srivijaya merupakan pusat agama Buddha yang utama di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kepulauan Melayu">Kepulauan Melayu</a>.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sebagai pusat perkembangan agama <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Vajrayana (tidak wujud)">Vajrayana</a> yang utama, Srivijaya menarik ramai penziarah dan sarjana dari negara-negara lain di Asia, antara yang terkenal ialah sami Buddha dari China, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Tsing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="I-Tsing">I-Tsing</a>. Pada tahun 671 masihi, dalam perjalanan ke <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nalanda">Universiti Nalanda</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, beliau singgah di Srivijaya untuk mempelajari <i>Sabdavidya</i> (tatabahasa Sanskrit). Pada tahun <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/695" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="695">695</a>, beliau melawat Srivijaya sekali lagi untuk mendalami agama Buddha. Menurut I-Tsing, penduduk Srivijaya melakar imej-imej Buddha dengan emas dan memberi sembahan kepada Buddha dalam bentuk bunga teratai emas. Ibu kotanya didiami oleh ramai sarjana Buddha dan menjadi pusat pembelajaran agama Buddha yang utama di seluruh Nanyang (laut selatan).</div><table class="cquote" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: left;" valign="top" width="20">“</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 4px;" valign="top"><i>Banyak raja dan pemimpin yang berada di pulau-pulau di Laut Selatan percaya dan mengagumi Buddha, di hati mereka telah tertanam perbuatan baik. Di sebalik tembok kota Srivijaya, terdapat lebih dari 1000 sami Buddha, yang belajar dengan tekun dan mengamalkannya dengan baik. Mereka mengkaji dan mempelajari semua subjek yang wujud sama seperti di "Kerajaan Tengah" (Madhya-desa, India); tidak banyak perbezaan dalam aturan-aturan dan upacara-upacaranya. Jika seorang biarawan Cina ingin pergi ke Barat (India) untuk mendengar (syarahan) dan membaca (teks asli), lebih baik ia tinggal dulu di sini selama satu atau dua tahun untuk mendalami aturan-aturan yang betul sebelum melanjutkan pelajaran ke tengah India.</i> - <b><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Tsing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="I-Tsing">I-Tsing</a></b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[40]</a></sup></td><td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: right;" valign="bottom" width="20">”</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Selain aliran <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Vajrayana (tidak wujud)">Vajrayana</a>, ajaran Buddha dari aliran <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinayana&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Hinayana (tidak wujud)">Hinayana</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> juga turut berkembang di Srivijaya. <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharmarakshita&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Dharmarakshita (tidak wujud)">Dharmarakshita</a> atau Suvarnadvipi Dharmakīrti, salah seorang sarjana Buddha yang terkenal dengan teks Mahayana beliau, "Roda Senjata Tajam" (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tibet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Tibet">Bahasa Tibet</a>:<i>blo-sbyong mtshon-cha 'khor-lo</i>) hidup pada zaman pemerintahan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Chulamanivarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Chulamanivarman">Sri Chulamanivarman</a>, dan merupakan ketua sarjana Buddha di Suvarnadvipa (Sumatera). Sarjana Buddha dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggala" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benggala">Benggala</a> yang terkenal dengan peranannya mengembangkan Buddha Vajrayana di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> iaitu<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atisha&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Atisha (tidak wujud)">Atisha</a>, dikatakan pernah berguru dengan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharmarakshita&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Dharmarakshita (tidak wujud)">Dharmarakshita</a> di Sumatera, dari tahun 1011 hingga 1023 masihi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coedes_143-144_40-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Coedes_143-144-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[41]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kemahsyuran Srivijaya sebagai pusat perdagangan di Asia Tenggara berkemungkinan besar menarik minat para pedagang dan ulama Muslim dari Timur Tengah menyebarkan agama Islam. Beberapa kerajaan yang pada mulanya merupakan sebahagian dari Srivijaya, bakal muncul menjadi kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Semenanjung dan Sumatera, ketika pengaruh Srivijaya semakin lemah. Ada sumber yang menyebut, kerana pengaruh orang muslim Arab yang banyak berkunjung dan berdagang di Srivijaya, maka seorang raja Srivijaya yang bernama Sri Indrawarman pada tahun 718 berminat untuk mengetahui tentang agama Islam<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[42]</a></sup>, sehingga mungkin kehidupan sosial Srivijaya adalah masyarakat sosial yang di dalamnya terdapat masyarakat Buddha dan Muslim sekaligus. Tercatat beberapa kali raja Srivijaya mengutus surat kepada khalifah Islam di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsyik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Damsyik">Damsyik</a>. Salah satu naskhah surat yang ditujukan kepada khalifah <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_bin_Abdul_Aziz" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Umar bin Abdul Aziz">Umar bin Abdul Aziz</a> (717-720) berisi permintaan agar khalifah sudi mengirimkan da'i ke istana Srivijaya.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Prof_42-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Prof-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[43]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Seni_dan_Budaya">Seni dan Budaya</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 162px;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Avalokite%C3%A7vara,_Malayu_Srivijaya_style.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="293" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Avalokite%C3%A7vara%2C_Malayu_Srivijaya_style.jpg/160px-Avalokite%C3%A7vara%2C_Malayu_Srivijaya_style.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="160" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Avalokite%C3%A7vara,_Malayu_Srivijaya_style.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Besarkan"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Arca emas <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avalokite%C5%9Bvara&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Avalokiteśvara (tidak wujud)">Avalokiteçvara</a>dengan ciri Srivijaya, ditemui di Rataukapastuo, Muarabulan,<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sumatera">Sumatera</a>.</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Berdasarkan beberapa sumber sejarah, satu masyarakat kosmopolitan yang kompleks dengan nilai peradaban yang tinggi, dipengaruhi secara mendalam oleh aliran Buddha Vajrayana, telah mendiami ibu kota Srivijaya. <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Talang_Tuwo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Talang Tuwo">Batu Bersurat Talang Tuwo</a> dari abad ke-7 ada menerangkan tentang satu ritual agama Buddha untuk memberkati upacara perasmian satu taman Sriksetra (taman awam), anugerah Maharaja Srivijaya untuk rakyatnya. <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Telaga_Batu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Telaga Batu">Batu Bersurat Telaga Batu</a> menggambarkan kerumitan susunan pangkat para pembesar dalam kerajaan Srivijaya, sementara <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Kota_Kapur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Kota Kapur">Batu Bersurat Kota Kapur</a> menyebut tentang kekuatan bala tentera Srivijaya ke atas Pulau Jawa. Kesemua batu-batu bersurat ini adalah dalam <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kuno" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu Kuno">Bahasa Melayu Kuno</a>, bahasa yang digunakan oleh orang Srivijaya yang merupakan leluhur bagi <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Klasik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu Klasik">Bahasa Melayu Klasik</a> yang kemudiannya menjadi asas kepada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu">Bahasa Melayu</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Indonesia">Bahasa Indonesia</a> moden. Sejak abad ke-7, Bahasa Melayu Kuno telah digunakan di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusantara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nusantara">Nusantara</a>, dibuktikan oleh batu-batu bersurat Srivijaya dan beberapa batu bersurat yang menggunakan Bahasa Melayu Kuno yang ditemui di pesisir pantai Kepulauan Melayu, contohnya batu bersurat <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batu_Bukateja&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bukateja (tidak wujud)">Bukateja</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batu_Bersurat_Gandasuli&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Gandasuli (tidak wujud)">Gandasuli</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batu_Bersurat_Kayumwungan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Kayumwungan (tidak wujud)">Kayumwungan</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batu_Bersurat_Sojomerto&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Sojomerto (tidak wujud)">Sojomerto</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batu_Bersurat_Manjusrigrha&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Manjusrigrha (tidak wujud)">Manjusrigrha</a> yang ditemui di Jawa, serta <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plat_Tembaga_Laguna&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Plat Tembaga Laguna (tidak wujud)">Plat Tembaga Laguna</a> yang ditemui di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Filipina">Filipina</a>. Perkembangan perdagangan merupakan antara faktor utama penyebaran Bahasa Melayu Kuno kerana ia adalah medium komunikasi yang utama bagi para pedagang. Sejak itu, Bahasa Melayu Kuno menjadi <i><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a></i> dan digunakan secara meluas di Kepulauan Melayu.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[44]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Sejarah Sung</i> (960-1279) ada menceritakan sedikit sebanyak tentang masyarakat "San Bo Tsai" (Srivijaya). Menurut Sejarah Sung, Orang Srivijaya menyapu badan mereka dengan sejenis minyak wangi dan mereka menghasilkan arak dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bunga">bunga</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelapa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelapa">kelapa</a>, pin-lang atau <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Madu">madu</a>. Mereka menulis menggunakan tulisan Sanskrit dan Rajanya menggunakan cincinnya sebagai <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cop_Mohor&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Cop Mohor (tidak wujud)">Cop Mohor</a>, mereka juga tahu menulis dalam karakter Cina yang selalunya digunakan ketika menghantar ufti. Selain itu, ramai orang Srivijaya mempunyai pangkal nama "Pu". <i>Keterangan tentang Orang Gasar</i> yang juga dikumpulkan pada zaman Dinasti Sung menyebut yang orang Srivijaya melilit badan mereka dengan pakaian dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kapas">kapas</a> (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarung" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sarung">Sarung</a>) dan menggunakan payung dari sutera. Mereka berperang di darat dan juga di laut dan organisasi ketenteraannya sangat baik. Apabila seseorang Raja mangkat, rakyat akan mencukur kepala mereka sebagai tanda berkabung. Di ibu kotanya, terdapat satu arca Buddha yang dipanggil "Gunung Emas dan Perak". Rajanya pula sering mendapat gelaran "Sari Ular", dan baginda memakai satu mahkota dari emas yang sangat berat. Negara Srivijaya mempunyai beberapa pusat perdagangan utama yang mengawal semua kapal yang keluar masuk, sempadan-sempadan pelabuhan ditandakan dengan rantai-rantai besi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Takakusu_xli-xliii_38-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Takakusu_xli-xliii-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[39]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Meskipun mampu membina kekuatan ekonomi, budaya dan ketenteraan yang hebat, Srivijaya hanya meninggalkan sejumlah kecil monumen arkeologi di pusat kerajaannya di Sumatera, berbeza dengan kawasan yang pernah mendapat pengaruhnya di bawah pimpinan dinasti<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sailendra">Sailendra</a> di Jawa Tengah yang memiliki tinggalan monumen seperti mandala <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candi_Kalasan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Candi Kalasan (tidak wujud)">Kalasan</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sewu&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Sewu (tidak wujud)">Sewu</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>. Kuil-kuil Buddha yang dibina pada zaman Srivijaya di Sumatera antaranya ialah Candi <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muaro_Jambi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Muaro Jambi (tidak wujud)">Muaro Jambi</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Muara_Takus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Candi Muara Takus">Muara Takus</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biaro_Bahal&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Biaro Bahal (tidak wujud)">Biaro Bahal</a>, bagaimanapun tidak seperti kuil-kuil di Jawa Tengah yang dibina dari batu andesit, kuil-kuil di Sumatera dibina dari batu bata merah.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Beberapa arca seperti <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boddhisattva&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Boddhisattva (tidak wujud)">Boddhisattva</a> <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avalokiteshvara&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Avalokiteshvara (tidak wujud)">Avalokiteshvara</a> telah ditemui di <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bukit_Seguntang&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Bukit Seguntang (tidak wujud)">Bukit Seguntang</a>,<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[45]</a></sup> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[46]</a></sup> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bidor">Bidor</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perak">Perak</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[47]</a></sup>dan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaiya&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Chaiya (tidak wujud)">Chaiya</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Thani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Surat Thani">Surat Thani</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[48]</a></sup> Kesemua arca ini menampilkan keanggunan dan gaya biasa yang dikenali sebagai "Seni Srivijaya" yang memperlihatkan kemiripan - mungkin diilhamkan - dari seni Amaravati India atau Sailendra (abad ke-8 - ke-9).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[49]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Perdagangan">Perdagangan</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Dalam dunia perdagangan, Srivijiya adalah empayar yang mengawal dua laluan utama antara India dan China, iaitu <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Sunda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selat Sunda">Selat Sunda</a> dari Palembang dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Melaka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selat Melaka">Selat Melaka</a> dari Kedah. Catatan Arab menyatakan yang empayar Maharaja Srivijaya adalah sangat luas sehinggakan kapal yang paling laju pada zaman itu pun tidak mampu untuk belayar mengelilingi semua pulau-pulanya selama dua tahun. Menurut keterangan I-Tsing, Raja Srivijaya memiliki kapal-kapal yang banyak untuk tujuan perdagangan. Komoditi utama adalah <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Rotan (tidak wujud)">rotan</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaharu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gaharu">gaharu</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kino&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kino (tidak wujud)">kino</a> merah, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kapur_barus&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kapur barus (tidak wujud)">kapur barus</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jadam&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Jadam (tidak wujud)">jadam</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengkih" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cengkih">cengkih</a>, minyak <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendana" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cendana">cendana</a>, buah <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pala">pala</a>, buah <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelaga&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Pelaga (tidak wujud)">pelaga</a>, buah <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pinang">pinang</a>, buah <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelapa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelapa">kelapa</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kemukus&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kemukus (tidak wujud)">kemukus</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gading&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Gading (tidak wujud)">gading</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Timah">timah</a>, menjadikan kekayaan Maharajanya setanding dengan mana-mana raja di India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Poesponegoro_28-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Poesponegoro-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[29]</a></sup>. Srivijaya juga adalah negara yang sangat kaya dengan emas, bahkan I-Tsing pernah menggelarnya sebagai "Chin Chou" atau "Kepulauan Emas". Rakyatnya menyediakan sembahan kepada Buddha dalam bentuk bunga teratai emas, menggunakan bekas-bekas dari emas, dan membina arca-arca dari emas. Berbeza dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_wang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mata wang">mata wang</a> China pada zaman tersebut yang biasanya diperbuat dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Loyang">loyang</a> atau <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Besi">besi</a>, orang Srivijaya hanya menggunakan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emas">emas</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perak">perak</a> dalam perdagangan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Takakusu_xli-xliii_38-2"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Takakusu_xli-xliii-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[39]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Selain menjalin hubungan dagang yang menguntungkan dengan India dan China, Srivijaya juga membentuk jaringan perdagangan dengan dunia Arab. Berkemungkinan besar, satu utusan yang dihantar Maharaja Sri Indravarman untuk menyampaikan surat kepada Khalifah Umar bin Abdul Aziz dari Kerajaan Bani Umayyah pada tahun 718 masihi, telah kembali dengan <i>Zanji</i> (hamba wanita kulit hitam dari <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zanj&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Zanj (tidak wujud)">Zanj</a>), hadiah Khalifah kepada Maharaja. Kemudiannya, catatan China ada menyebut tentang <i>Shih-li-t-'o-pa-mo</i> (Sri Indravarman), Maharaja <i>Shih-li-fo-shih</i>yang menghantar kepada Maharaja China <i>ts'engchi</i> (sebutan China untuk perkataan Arab <i>Zanji</i>) sebagai hadiah.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Azra_32-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Azra-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[33]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Zaman_keemasan">Zaman keemasan</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pada separuh pertama kurun ke-10, ketika zaman kejatuhan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Tang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dinasti Tang">Dinasti Tang</a> dan kebangkitan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Song" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dinasti Song">Dinasti Song</a>, perdagangan berkembang dengan pesat di antara dunia luar China dengan kerajaan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Min">Min</a> di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> dan kerajaan Nan Han di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. Dengan kemakmuran yang dikecapi pada zaman permulaan Dinasti Song, keadaan ini sangat menguntungkan Srivijaya. Pada tahun 903 masihi, penulis Islam <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Rustah&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Ibn Rustah (tidak wujud)">Ibn Rustah</a> sangat kagum dengan kekayaan pemerintah Srivijaya sehingga beliau pernah menyatakan yang tiada Raja lain yang sekaya dan sekuat Raja Srivijaya. Pusat perbandaran utama Srivijaya pada zaman itu adalah di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jambi">Muara Jambi</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaiya&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Chaiya (tidak wujud)">Chaiya</a>.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Ketika era keemasannya, Srivijaya adalah kerajaan yang terkuat dan terkaya di bahagian barat kepulauan Melayu, dan empayarnya meliputi 15 negeri seperti yang diceritakan oleh Chou-Ju-Kua<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[50]</a></sup>; Pong-fong (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>), Tong-ya-nong (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>), Ling-ya-si-kia (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langkasuka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a>), Kilan-tan (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>), Fo-lo-an (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dungun">Dungun</a>), Ji-lo-t'ing (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherating" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cherating">Cherating</a>), Ts'ien-mai (Semawe, Semenanjung), Pa-t'a (<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Paka&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Sungai Paka (tidak wujud)">Sungai Paka</a>, utara Semenanjung), Tan-ma-ling (Tambralinga, Ligor atau <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a>), Kia-lo-hi (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Krabi">Krabi</a>), Pa-lin-fong (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>), Sin-t'o (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Sunda_Galuh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerajaan Sunda Galuh">Sunda</a>), Lan-wu-li (Lamuri di<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>), Kien-pi (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>) dan Si-lan (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemboja" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kemboja">Kemboja</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Muljana_0-3"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Muljana-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[51]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Munoz_51-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Munoz-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[52]</a></sup> .</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pengaruh kuasa perdagangan Srivijaya di <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lautan India">Lautan India</a> telah membawa kepada penghijrahan penduduk kepulauan Melayu ke <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-History_of_Madagascar_52-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-History_of_Madagascar-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[53]</a></sup>Selain itu, pengaruhnya juga menjalar ke bahagian timur ke <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> sehingga ke kepulauan Filipina, terutamanya kepulauan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sulu">Sulu</a> dan<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visayas&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Visayas (tidak wujud)">Visayas</a>. Pada kurun ke-10, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Tondo&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerajaan Tondo (tidak wujud)">Kerajaan Tondo</a> yang berada di bawah pengaruh Srivijaya telah ditubuhkan di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manila">Manila</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mts_53-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-mts-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bibingka_54-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-bibingka-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[55]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Zaman_kejatuhan">Zaman kejatuhan</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Battle_of_kedah.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="224" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Battle_of_kedah.jpg/220px-Battle_of_kedah.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Battle_of_kedah.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Besarkan"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Lakaran Mural yang menggambarkan serangan tentera laut <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chola">Chola</a> ke atas Kota Kadaram (Kedah Tua).</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Akibat dari kekacauan yang berlaku di pesisir pantai China ketika zaman kejatuhan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Tang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dinasti Tang">Dinasti Tang</a>, bukan hanya aktiviti perdagangan orang <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arab">Arab</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> dengan China terjejas teruk, malah Srivijaya juga menerima kesan besar darinya. Walaupun ia masih menguasai laluan perdagangan di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Melaka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selat Melaka">Selat Melaka</a> dan pesisir utara <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Tanah_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semenanjung Tanah Melayu">Semenanjung Tanah Melayu</a>, perdagangan dan kekayaannya mula merosot pada penghujung kurun ke-9 dan awal kurun ke-10. Menjelang tahun 925 masihi, tiada lagi komuniti pedagang asing di China, kekacauan dan pelanunan semakin menjadi-jadi selama beberapa dekad berikutnya di sepanjang pesisir selatan China. Pada penghujung kurun ke-10, perdagangan dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Selatan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia Selatan">Asia Selatan</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a> mula pulih dengan peranan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Song" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dinasti Song">Dinasti Song</a> Selatan di China, bagaimanapun ia menimbulan persaingan yang serius di antara Srivijaya dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Mataram_Kuno" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerajaan Mataram Kuno">Kerajaan Medang</a> di Jawa Timur dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Chola" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wangsa Chola">Wangsa Chola</a> di India selatan. Ketiga-tiga kerajaan bersaing merebut laluan perdagangan dengan China yang baru pulih.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-anand_55-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-anand-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[56]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Di antara tahun 1003 dan 1018, Srivijaya menghantar 7 utusan ke China, mengiklankan produk-produk Asia Selatan beserta dengan barangan wangi, rempah dan lada. Kerajaan Medang juga cuba menjalin hubungan perdagangan langsung dengan China manakala Chola pula menghantar satu utusan ke sana pada tahun 1015. Akibat dari persaingan tiga segi ini, Srivijaya menyerang dan menghancurkan kerajaan Medang pada tahun 1006, namun ia diserang pula oleh angkatan laut Chola di bawah <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Chola" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rajendra Chola">Rajendra Chola</a> I pada tahun 1025. Angkatan laut Chola menyeberang <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Bengal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teluk Bengal">Teluk Bengal</a>, menjarah ibu kota Srivijaya di Kadaram, dan menawan Maharajanya, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Sangrama_Vijayatunggavarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman">Sri Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman</a>. Selain Kadaram, <i>Pannai</i> di Sumatera dan <i>Malaiyur</i> di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu juga diserang.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Epigraphia_Carnatica.2C_Volume_10.2C_Part_1.2C_page_41_56-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Epigraphia_Carnatica.2C_Volume_10.2C_Part_1.2C_page_41-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[57]</a></sup>. Inskripsi Tanjore yang bertarikh 1030 masihi ada menceritakan tentang kempen ketenteraan Chola ini:</div><blockquote class="toccolours" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: table; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 0em; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: justify; width: 366px;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>"..pada tahun ke-22 pemerintahan Kopparakesarivanmar sri Rajendra Sola Deva, yang,-..menakluk dengan tenteranya yang hebat, Idaiturai-nadu, Varanasi..dll..dan yang menghantar kapal-kapal mengharungi lautan bergelora dan menawan Sangirama-vijaiyattungopanma, Raja Kidaram, bersama dengan gajah-gajahnya..,membawa pulang timbunan besar harta rampasan perang, Vichchadira-ttorana pada pintu gerbang di kota musuh yang sangat besar, set gerbang wiket dihiasi permata yang indah, set pintu dengan permata yang besar; sri-Vijaiyam yang luas; Pannai yang diairi sebuah sungai; Malaiyur purba yang kubunya terletak di atas bukit yang tinggi; Māyirudingam, dengan kubu parit dari air laut yang mengelilinginya; Ilangāsōbam, dengan semangat juangnya yang kental; Māppappālam, yang memiliki air yang banyak sebagai benteng pertahanan; Mēvilambangam, yang kubu pertahanannya sangat kukuh; Valaippandūru, yang terletak di tengah-tengah hutan belantara; Talaittakolam, yang disanjung para ilmuan; Madamalingam, dengan semangat keperwiraannya yang kental; Nilamuri-desam, yang kekuatan luar biasanya, meningkat dengan amarah; Mānakkavāram yang memiliki taman-taman, di mana bunga-bunga dipenuhi madu; Kidaram, yang sangat hebat kekuatannya, dikawal oleh pahlawan-pahlawan yang memakai gelang di kaki,.."</i></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: right;">— Penerangan tentang serangan ke atas Srivijaya oleh <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Chola" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wangsa Chola">Wangsa Chola</a> dalam Inskripsi Tanjore.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Epigraphia_Carnatica.2C_Volume_10.2C_Part_1.2C_page_39-40_57-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-Epigraphia_Carnatica.2C_Volume_10.2C_Part_1.2C_page_39-40-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[58]</a></sup></div></blockquote><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Dalam masa 100 tahun, beberapa lagi serangan telah dilancarkan oleh Wangsa Chola ke atas Semenanjung dan Sumatera. Meskipun dipaksa berperang secara defensif dalam tempoh yang sangat lama, kekuatan Srivijaya yang terletak di pulau-pulau yang mengawal selat-selat, tidak mampu dimusnahkan sepenuhnya oleh angkatan Chola yang kuat. Serangan-serangan Chola selama 100 tahun ini boleh dianggap sia-sia kerana ia tidak membawa kepada pendudukan efektif Wangsa Chola di Kepulauan Melayu, sebaliknya ia hanya mampu melemahkan kedudukan Srivijaya bahkan melemahkan kuasa Chola sendiri dan membuka peluang kepada penguasaan orang Islam di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan_Hindi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lautan Hindi">Lautan Hindi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-anand_55-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-anand-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[56]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kelemahan Srivijaya telah menyebabkan banyak negeri lindungannya membebaskan diri dari kekuasaannya, beberapa kerajaan serantau lain yang kuat juga mula muncul menyainginya, seperti <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kediri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kediri">Kediri</a> dan kemudiannya <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhasari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a>. Kerajaan-kerajaan ini yang berasaskan pertanian, adalah berbeza dengan Srivijaya yang sangat bergantung pada perdagangan pesisir dan jarak jauh. Kekuatan tentera Srivijaya yang semakin lemah juga menyebabkan ia tidak mampu lagi mempertahankan dirinya dari serangan-serang dua kerajaan yang kuat:<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukhotai&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Sukhotai (tidak wujud)">Sukhotai</a> Siam di utara dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhasari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> di selatan. Sukhotai menawan<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ligor&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Ligor (tidak wujud)">Ligor</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takuapa&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Takuapa (tidak wujud)">Takuapa</a> dan lain-lain bandar pelabuhan di Segenting Kra. Singhasari pula menawan kebanyakan wilayah di bawah ketuanan Srivijaya di Jawa dan Sumatera. Pada tahun 1288, Singhasari melancarkan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedisi_Pamalayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ekspedisi Pamalayu">Ekspedisi Pamalayu</a> untuk menawan negeri-negeri Melayu di Sumatera. Menjelang tahun 1292, empayar ini telah runtuh sepenuhnya, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> yang melawat kepulauan Melayu pada tahun tersebut tidak ada menyebut langsung tentang Srivijaya.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-anand_55-2"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-anand-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[56]</a></sup> Begitu juga dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakawin_Nagarakretagama" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kakawin Nagarakretagama">Kakawin Nagarakretagama</a> yang dikarang pada tahun 1365, tidak lagi menyebut tentang Srivijaya untuk wilayah-wilayah yang dulunya di bawah ketuanan Srivijaya.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Warisan">Warisan</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Malacca_Sultanate_id.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="283" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Malacca_Sultanate_id.svg/250px-Malacca_Sultanate_id.svg.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Malacca_Sultanate_id.svg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Besarkan"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Empayar <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Melayu_Melaka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kesultanan Melayu Melaka">Kesultanan Melayu Melaka</a> pada abad ke-15.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Borom_That_Chaiya.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="342" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Borom_That_Chaiya.jpg/200px-Borom_That_Chaiya.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Borom_That_Chaiya.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Besarkan"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Sebuah kuil Buddha dengan gaya seni bina Srivijaya di Chaiya, Thailand</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Berakhirnya Kerajaan Srivijaya tidak bermakna tamatnya tradisi pemerintahan istana Melayu. Beberapa percubaan untuk menghidupkan kembali Srivijaya telah dilakukan oleh waris-waris diraja Srivijaya yang menjadi pelarian di negeri-negeri yang masih setia. Pada tahun 1293,<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> yang merupakan pengganti <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhasari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> menguasai sebahagian besar Sumatera. Putera <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adityawarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adityawarman">Adityawarman</a> diberi tanggungjawab memerintah Sumatera pada tahun 1347 oleh pemerintah ketiga Majapahit, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tribhuwana_Wijayatunggadewi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (tidak wujud)">Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi</a>. Satu pemberontakan yang berlaku pada tahun 1377 berjaya dipatahkan oleh Majapahit. Pada tahun 1324, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang_Nila_Utama" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sang Nila Utama">Sang Nila Utama</a> yang mendakwa dari keturunan diraja Srivijaya dari <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bentan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Bentan (tidak wujud)">Bentan</a>, bersama para pengikut dan tenteranya yang terdiri dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Laut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a>, telah menubuhkan Kerajaan Singapura Lama di<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temasek" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Temasek">Temasek</a>. Menurut <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sejarah Melayu">Sejarah Melayu</a> dan ahli sejarah China, Wang Ta Yuan, orang Siam menyerang kerajaan Singapura di antara tahun 1330 hingga 1340, namun berjaya dikalahkan. Serangan Majapahit pada penghujung abad ke-14 bagaimanapun berjaya menundukkan kerajaan ini, dan Rajanya yang terakhir, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameswara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parameswara">Parameswara</a> terpaksa melarikan diri ke<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Tanah_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semenanjung Tanah Melayu">Semenanjung Tanah Melayu</a>.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Parameswara kemudiannya mengasaskan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Melayu_Melaka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kesultanan Melayu Melaka">Kesultanan Melayu Melaka</a> pada tahun 1402.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[59]</a></sup>Kesultanan Melayu Melaka akhirnya menggantikan kedudukan Srivijaya sebagai kuasa politik Melayu yang utama di kepulauan Melayu.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[60]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[61]</a></sup> Walaupun Kesultanan Melaka jatuh pada tahun 1511, Melaka kekal menjadi suatu prototaip institusi: satu paradigma tata urus negara dan satu titik rujukan budaya Melayu untuk negeri-negeri pengganti seperti <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Johor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kesultanan Johor">Kesultanan Johor</a>(1528–kini), <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perak">Kesultanan Perak</a> (1528–kini) dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pahang">Kesultanan Pahang</a> (1470–kini).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-T._N_Harper_page_15_61-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-T._N_Harper_page_15-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[62]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Peninggalan terpenting kerajaan Srivijaya berkemungkinan besar adalah <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu">Bahasa Melayu</a> itu sendiri. Selama beberapa abad, melalui penaklukan, kuasa ekonomi dan kekuatan ketenteraannnya, Srivijaya memainkan peranan besar dalam menyebarkan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kuno" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu Kuno">Bahasa Melayu Kuno</a> ke seluruh pelusuk <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kepulauan Melayu">Kepulauan Melayu</a>. Ia menjadi bahasa utama perdagangan dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, digunakan di banyak pelabuhan dan pusat perniagaan di rantau ini.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[63]</a></sup> Bahasa Melayu kemudiannya semakin berkembang maju semasa era pengganti Srivijaya, Kesultanan Melayu Melaka. Era Kesultanan Melaka menyaksikan pengaruh Islam yang kuat dalam Bahasa Melayu, dengan kemasukan banyak perkataan pinjaman dari Bahasa Arab dan Parsi. Perkembangan ini menghasilkan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Klasik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu Klasik">Bahasa Melayu Klasik</a> yang kemudiannya menjadi asas kepada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Moden" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Melayu Moden">Bahasa Melayu Moden</a> yang digunakan dengan meluas hari ini di<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-James_N._Sneddon_63-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-James_N._Sneddon-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[64]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Nasionalis moden di Indonesia melihat Srivijaya serta <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, sebagai sumber kebanggaan masa lalu Indonesia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[65]</a></sup> Srivijaya menjadi fokus kepada kebanggaan nasional dan identiti serantau, terutamanya kepada penduduk <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> khususnya, dan kepada semua <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Orang Melayu">Orang Melayu</a> amnya. Bagi penduduk Palembang, Srivijaya telah menjadi sumber inspirasi kesenian untuk lagu Gending Sriwijaya dan tarian tradisional.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Hal yang sama berlaku di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, di mana tarian "Sevichai" (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Thai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Thai">Thai</a>: Srivijaya) telah dihidupkan semula berdasarkan keanggunan seni budaya Srivijaya purba. Warisan Srivijaya kini diraikan dan sering dikaitkan dengan minoriti Melayu di <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selatan_Thailand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selatan Thailand">Selatan Thailand</a>. Di antara contoh rumah-rumah ibadat yang dibina berasaskan kesenian Srivijaya ialah <i>Phra Borom Mathat</i> di <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaiya&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Chaiya (tidak wujud)">Chaiya</a> (abad ke-9 - ke-10), <i>Wat Kaew Pagoda</i>, dan <i>Wat Long Pagoda</i>. <i>Wat Mahathat</i> yang asal di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a> (salah sebuah bandar Srivijaya) kini telah dilitupi oleh bangunan dengan gaya Sri Lanka yang lebih besar.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya#cite_note-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[66]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Di Indonesia, nama "Srivijaya" diabadikan pada jalan-jalan di banyak bandar dan telah menjadi sinonim dengan Palembang dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Selatan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sumatera Selatan">Sumatera Selatan</a>. <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universitas_Sriwijaya&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Universitas Sriwijaya (tidak wujud)">Universitas Sriwijaya</a> yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1960 di Palembang, dinamakan bersempena nama Srivijaya. Kodam Sriwijaya (unit komando), PT Pupuk Sriwijaya (syarikat pengeluar <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Baja">baja</a>), Sriwijaya Post (akhbar harian di Palembang), <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriwijaya_Air" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sriwijaya Air">Sriwijaya Air</a> (syarikat penerbangan), Stadium Gelora Sriwijaya, dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriwijaya_FC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sriwijaya FC">Sriwijaya FC</a> (kelab bola sepak Palembang), semuanya dinamakan demikian untuk menghormati dan memuliakan empayar maritim purba ini.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Senarai_Maharaja-Maharaja_Srivijaya">Senarai <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Srivijaya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maharaja Srivijaya">Maharaja-Maharaja Srivijaya</a></span></h2><table border="1" class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><thead>
<tr><th class="headerSort" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; cursor: pointer; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 21px; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Isih tertib menaik" width="70px">Tahun</th><th class="headerSort" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; cursor: pointer; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 21px; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Isih tertib menaik" width="140px">Nama Raja</th><th class="headerSort" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; cursor: pointer; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 21px; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Isih tertib menaik" width="140px">Ibukota</th><th class="headerSort" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; cursor: pointer; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 21px; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Isih tertib menaik" width="400px">Batu bersurat dan catatan dari negara luar serta peristiwa yang berlaku</th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">671–702</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Jayanasa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Jayanasa">Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Srivijaya</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Catatan perjalanan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Tsing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="I-Tsing">I-Tsing</a> dari tahun 671-685, Penaklukan Malayu, Penaklukan Jawa<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Batu Bersurat <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Kedukan_Bukit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Kedukan Bukit">Kedukan Bukit</a> (683),<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Talang_Tuwo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Talang Tuwo">Talang Tuwo</a> (684), <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Kota_Kapur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Kota Kapur">Kota Kapur</a> (686),<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Karang_Brahi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Karang Brahi">Karang Brahi</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batu_Bersurat_Palas_Pasemah&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Batu Bersurat Palas Pasemah (tidak wujud)">Palas Pasemah</a>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">702–728</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Indravarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Indravarman">Sri Indravarman</a><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Che-li-to-le-pa-mo</i></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Srivijaya<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Shih-li-fo-shih</i></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Utusan ke China 702-716, 724<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Utusan ke Khalifah Muawiyah I dan Khalifah Umar bin Abdul Aziz</div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">728–775</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudra_Vikraman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rudra Vikraman">Rudra Vikraman</a><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Lieou-t'eng-wei-kong</i></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Srivijaya<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Shih-li-fo-shih</i></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Utusan ke China 728-742</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">775–792</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Dharmasetu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Dharmasetu">Sri Dharmasetu</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Srivijaya</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Isnskripsi Ligor A</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">792-833</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaratungga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samaratungga">Samaratungga</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Jawa</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Batu Bersurat Karang Tengah, tahun 824.<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Candi <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> disiapkan, 825</div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">833-856</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Kebangkitan Wangsa Sanjaya, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakai_Pikatan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Rakai Pikatan (tidak wujud)">Rakai Pikatan</a> memerangi Balaputradewa dari Wangsa Sailendra</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">856-(?)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaputradewa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Balaputradewa">Balaputradewa</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Srivijaya</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Kehilangan kuasa di Jawa, dan kembali ke Suvarnabhumi<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prasasti_Nalanda&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Prasasti Nalanda (tidak wujud)">Prasasti Nalanda</a> (860)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">860-960</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Tiada sebarang catatan sejarah tentang tempoh ini</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">960</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Udayadityavarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Udayadityavarman">Sri Udayadityavarman</a><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Se-li-hou-ta-hia-li-tan</div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Srivijaya<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">San-fo-ts'i</div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Utusan ke China 960, & 962</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">980</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Srivijaya<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">San-fo-ts'i</div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Utusan ke China 980 & 983 dengan rajanya <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hie-tche&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Hie-tche (tidak wujud)">Hie-tche</a> (Haji)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">988</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Chulamanivarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Chulamanivarman">Sri Chulamanivarman</a><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Se-li-chu-la-wu-ni-fu-ma-tian-hwa</div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Srivijaya<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">San-fo-ts'i</div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Utusan ke China 988-992-1003<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">990 Jawa menyerang Srivijaya, membina tokong untuk Kaisar China,<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prasasti_Leiden&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Prasasti Leiden (tidak wujud)">Prasasti Leiden</a> (1044)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1008</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Mara_Vijayatunggavarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Mara Vijayatunggavarman">Sri Mara Vijayatunggavarman</a><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Se-li-ma-la-pi</div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Srivijaya<br />
Kadaram<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">San-fo-ts'i</div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Utusan ke China 1008</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1017</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Srivijaya<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">San-fo-ts'i</div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Utusan San-fo-ts'i dengan raja Ha-ch'i-su-wa-ch'a-p'u (Haji Sumatrabhumi) ke China 1017;<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gelar <i>haji</i> biasa untuk raja bawahan</div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1025</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Sangrama_Vijayatunggavarman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman">Sri Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Srivijaya<br />
Kadaram<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">San-fo-ts'i</div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Diserang oleh <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> dan tertawan<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prasasti_Tanjore&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Prasasti Tanjore (tidak wujud)">Prasasti Tanjore</a> pada candi Rajaraja, Tanjore</div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1028</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Dibawah Dinasti Chola dari <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koromandel&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Koromandel (tidak wujud)">Koromandel</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1079</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Utusan raja San-fo-tsi <i>Ti-hua-ka-lo</i> ke China 1079<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Membaiki candi Tien Ching di Kuang Cho (dekat Kanton)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1183</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Dibawah Dinasti Mauli, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Dharmasraya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerajaan Dharmasraya">Kerajaan Dharmasraya</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1183-1286</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srimat_Trailokyaraja_Maulibhusana_Warmadewa&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Srimat Trailokyaraja Maulibhusana Warmadewa (tidak wujud)">Srimat Trailokyaraja Maulibhusana Warmadewa</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmasraya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prasasti_Grahi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Prasasti Grahi (tidak wujud)">Prasasti Grahi</a> tahun 1183 di selatan Thailand</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1286-1293</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srimat_Tribhuwanaraja_Mauli_Warmadewa&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Srimat Tribhuwanaraja Mauli Warmadewa (tidak wujud)">Srimat Tribhuwanaraja Mauli Warmadewa</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Dharmasraya</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasasti_Padang_Roco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prasasti Padang Roco">Prasasti Padang Roco</a> tahun 1286 di Siguntur</td></tr>
</tbody><tfoot></tfoot></table><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-85906596968382471562011-12-30T17:35:00.000+08:002011-12-30T17:35:00.349+08:00KERAJAAN MELAYU PRA SEJARAH 3<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span style="color: red;"><strong class="selflink" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 11px; text-align: center;">Kerajaan Pan Pan (kurun-3 hingga urun-5)</strong> </span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PanPan002.jpg/250px-PanPan002.jpg" /> </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Pan Pan</b> ialah sebuah kerajaan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> kecil yang dipercayai wujud pada kurun ketiga hingga ketujuh masihi dan terletak di suatu kawasan di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> atau <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>,<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Tidak banyak yang diketahui tentang kerajaan ini. Adalah juga dipercayai bahawa kerajaan ini ditakluk oleh empayar yang lebih besar iaitu <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Semasa Dinasti Utara dan Selatan pada tahun <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/529" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="529">529</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/533" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="533">533</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/534" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="534">534</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/535" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="535">535</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/571" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="571">571</a>, Kerajaan Pan Pan menghantar ufti ke China.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Pan#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> Pada tahun <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/616" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="616">616</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/637" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="637">637</a> Kerajaan Pan Pan menghantar ufti kepada <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Tang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dinasti Tang">Dinasti Tang</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Pan#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-43385877212567677172011-12-26T10:13:00.000+08:002011-12-26T10:13:18.206+08:00KERAJAAN MELAYU PRA SEJARAH 2<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><strong class="selflink" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 11px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Langkasuka (Kurun-2 hingga kurun-14)</span></strong> </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><strong class="selflink" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 11px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhadGAbVeIBAUxEaEbBPT1_28bkX9vV53iG6a6nyrtENtWsNPKHw4MN63tew1svJx41PFqjAbTpHZ8VJXnqBwANB_V_DogOm3yjuyByR6zon6NwSaALDlxEk03-LGAIwAASs84Vx4MFRRo/s1600/250px-Candi_Batu_Pahat_of_Bujang_Valley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhadGAbVeIBAUxEaEbBPT1_28bkX9vV53iG6a6nyrtENtWsNPKHw4MN63tew1svJx41PFqjAbTpHZ8VJXnqBwANB_V_DogOm3yjuyByR6zon6NwSaALDlxEk03-LGAIwAASs84Vx4MFRRo/s320/250px-Candi_Batu_Pahat_of_Bujang_Valley.jpg" width="291" /></a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: center;">Lembah Bujang</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Langkasuka</b> atau juga dikenali sebagai <i>Lang-ya-shiu, Lang-chia-shu</i> (China), <i>Langasyuka</i>(Arab) dan <i>Ilangasoka</i> (inkripsi Tangore) yang terletak di kawasan yang dikenali sebagai<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pattani">Pattani</a> (dahulunya Kedah). Langkasuka ialah sebuah kerajaan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Melayu">Melayu</a> silam yang terletak di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semenanjung Malaysia">Semenanjung Malaysia</a>. Kerajaan ini bersama-sama dengan Kerajaan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Tua" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kedah Tua">Kedah Tua</a>berkemungkinan merupakan kerajaan yang paling awal di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tanah Melayu">Tanah Melayu</a>. Mengikut satu sumber, kerajaan ini diasaskan pada kurun ke-2 masihi. Legenda orang Melayu mendakwa bahawa Langkasuka diasaskan di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, dan kemudian berpindah ke <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pattani">Pattani</a>. Dipercayai bahawa <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langkawi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Langkawi">Langkawi</a> mendapat namanya daripada perkataan Langkasuka. Sumber-sumber sejarah tidak banyak tetapi mengikut satu rekod sejarah <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinasti_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Dinasti Liang (tidak wujud)">Dinasti Liang</a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a> (500 M) merujuk kerajaan itu sebagai "Langgasu" yang diasaskan pada kurun pertama masihi.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Nama Langkasuka juga ada disebut dalam tulisan-tulisan Melayu dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jawa">Jawa</a>, sementara tulisan-tulisan dari China pernah menyebut sebuah negeri iaitu <i>Lang-ya-hsiu</i> atau <i>Lang-chia-shu</i>. Pada tahun <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/515" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="515">515 M</a> Raja <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagadatta&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Bhagadatta (tidak wujud)">Bhagadatta</a> menjalinkan hubungan dengan China. Hubungan itu dikukuhkan lagi dengan duta-duta dihantar pada tahun <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/523" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="523">523</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/531" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="531">531</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/568" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="568">568</a> masihi. Pada kurun ke-12, Langkasuka merupakan negeri naungan kepada Kerajaan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> dan pada kurun ke-15 ia digantikan dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Pattani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerajaan Pattani">Kerajaan Pattani</a>.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pada tahun <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1963">1963</a>, Stewart Wavell mengetuai satu ekspedisi Cambridge ke Langkasuka dan<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Tambralinga (tidak wujud)">Tambralinga</a>. Maklumat mengenai ekspedisi ini boleh didapati melalui buku "<i>The Naga King's Daughter</i>", terbitan Antara Books.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Patani_dan_Langkasuka"><br />
Patani dan Langkasuka</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Negeri <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Patani">Patani</a> memiliki sejarah yang cukup lama, jauh lebih lama daripada sejarah negeri-negeri di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu seperti <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Melaka">Melaka</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Johor">Johor</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>. Sejarah lama Patani merujuk kepada kerajaan Melayu tua pengaruh <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>-<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a> bernama Langkasuka sebagaimana dikatakan oleh seorang ahli antropologi sosial di <i>Prince of Songkla University</i>di Patani, Seni Madakakul bahawa Langkasuka itu terletak di Patani. Pendapat beliau ini didukung oleh sejarawan lain seperti Prof. Zainal Abidin Wahid, Mubin Shepard, Prof. Hall dan Prof. Paul Wheatly.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lebih jauh bahkan Sir John Braddle menegaskan bahawa kawasan timur Langkasuka meliputi daerah pantai timur Semenanjung, dari Senggora, Patani, Kelantan sampai ke Terengganu, termasuk juga kawasan sebelah utara negeri Kedah (M. Dahlan Mansoer, 1979).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Dalam buku sejarah negeri Kedah, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikayat_Merong_Mahawangsa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa">Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa</a>, ada menyebut bahawa negeri Langkasuka terbahagi kepada dua: Sebahagian terletak di negeri Kedah iaitu terletak di kawasan tebing sungai Merbok. Sebahagian yang lain terletak di sebelah timur Kedah, iaitu di pantai Laut China Selatan. Dalam hal ini, Prof. Paul Wheatly tanpa ragu mengatakan bahawa Langkasuka terletak di Patani sekarang. Pendapat beliau dikuatkan dengan penemuan kepingan batu-batuan purba peninggalan kerajaan Langkasuka di daerah Jerang dan Pujud (nama-nama kota pada masa itu). Dakwaan menurut <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakawin_Nagarakretagama" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kakawin Nagarakretagama">Kakawin Nagarakretagama</a>, Jerang atau Djere merupakan ibukota Langkasuka.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sedangkan asal usul orang Patani menurut para antropologi berasal dari suku Jawa-Melayu. Sebab ketika itu suku inilah yang mula-mula mendiami <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Melayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tanah Melayu">Tanah Melayu</a>. Kemudian berdatangan pedagang <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arab">Arab</a> dan India yang melakukan persemendaan sehingga menurunkan keturunan Melayu Patani di selatan Thai sekarang.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Tanah Melayu telah didatangi pedagang dari Arab, India dan China sejak sebelum masihi. Seorang pengembara China menyebut bahawa ketika kedatangannya ke Langkasuka pada tahun 200 masihi, beliau mendapati negeri itu telah lama dibuka.</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-6922280923508057952011-12-21T11:44:00.000+08:002011-12-21T11:44:09.753+08:00KERAJAAN MELAYU PRA SEJARAH 1<span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>Gangga Negara (Kurun-2 hingga Kurun-11)</b></span><br />
<br />
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:GanggaNegaraStatue002.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="236px" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/GanggaNegaraStatue002.jpg/180px-GanggaNegaraStatue002.jpg" width="180px" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:GanggaNegaraStatue002.jpg" title="Besarkan"><img alt="" height="11px" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15px" /></a></div>Patung Buddha abad ke-6 (kiri) dijumpai di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a>. Patung sami guru <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> abad ke-9 dijumpai di Jalong, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Perak" title="Negeri Perak">Perak</a>.</div></div><br />
<strong>Gangga Negara</strong> dipercayai merupakan kerajaan Melayu Hindu yang hilang dan ada disebut dalam <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Melayu" title="Sejarah Melayu">Sejarah Melayu</a> yang kini merangkumi <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruas" title="Beruas">Beruas</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding" title="Dinding">Dinding</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjung" title="Manjung">Manjung</a> yang pada masa kini terletak di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Perak" title="Negeri Perak">negeri Perak</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> serta Raja Gangga Shah Johan sebagai salah seorang rajanya. Para penyelidik mempercayai bahawa kerajaan ini berpusat di Beruas dan ia runtuh selepas serangan oleh Raja <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> dari <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Chola" title="Dinasti Chola">Coromandel</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> Selatan di antara tahun <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1025" title="1025">1025</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1026" title="1026">1026</a>. Menurut sebuah lagi catatan sejarah Melayu, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikayat_Merong_Mahawangsa" title="Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa">Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa</a> yang juga dikenali sebagai Hikayat Kedah, Gangga Negara mungkin telah diasaskan oleh anak <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merong_Mahawangsa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Merong Mahawangsa (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: #ba0000;">Merong Mahawangsa</span></a>, Raja Ganjil Sarjuna dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, yang dikatakan sebagai keturunan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Agung" title="Iskandar Agung">Iskandar Agung</a> atau keluarga diraja <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khmer&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Khmer (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: #ba0000;">Khmer</span></a> tidak lewat dari abad ke-2.<br />
<a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jabatan_Muzium_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jabatan Muzium Malaysia (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: #ba0000;">Jabatan Muzium Negara</span></a> telah mengkaji kerajaan <strong class="selflink">Gangga Negara</strong> dari pelbagai sudut termasuk tradisi lisan yang terdapat di negeri Perak. <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzium_Beruas" title="Muzium Beruas">Muzium Beruas</a> ditugaskan untuk membuat penyelidikan dari sudut <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi">arkeologi</a>.<br />
Kerajaan <strong class="selflink">Gangga Negara</strong> meliputi <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruas" title="Beruas">Beruas</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding" title="Dinding">Dinding</a>/ <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjung" title="Manjung">Manjung</a> . <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artifak&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Artifak (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: #ba0000;">Artifak</span></a> arca-arca <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> abad ke-5 dan ke-6 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masihi" title="Masihi">Masihi</a> yang dijumpai di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruas" title="Beruas">Beruas</a> menunjukkan kewujudan kerajaan Gangga Negara ini. Kerajaan Gangga Negara ini berpusat di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruas" title="Beruas">Beruas</a>.<br />
Pengasas Kerajaan Gangga Negara ialah Raja Ganjil Sarjuna dari Kedah. Pendapat lain mengatakan Kerajaan Gangga Negara dibuka oleh Raja <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khmers&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Khmers (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: #ba0000;">Khmers</span></a> dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemboja" title="Kemboja">Kemboja</a>.<br />
Menurut kajian lain menyatakan bahawa Kerajaan Gangga Negara wujud tidak lewat pada abad ke-2 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masihi" title="Masihi">Masihi</a>. Kerajaan Gangga Negara ini dipercayai terletak di daerah Dinding (Manjong) di kawasan Selatan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Bubu" title="Gunung Bubu">Gunung Bubu</a> (1657 meter ) arah timur <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bukit_Segari&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bukit Segari (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: #ba0000;">Bukit Segari</span></a> di tepi <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Dendang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sungai Dendang (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: #ba0000;">Sungai Dendang</span></a>. Pendapat ini juga menyebut kemungkinan pusat Kerajaan Gangga Negara berubah-ubah.<br />
Dengan menggunakan jumpaan artifak-artifak purba dan pengaliran cabang <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Perak" title="Sungai Perak">Sungai Perak</a>, kerajaan ini dipercayai pernah berpusat di <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengkalan" title="Pengkalan">Pengkalan</a> ( <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a> ), <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembah_Kinta" title="Lembah Kinta">Lembah Kinta</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Rambutan" title="Tanjung Rambutan">Tanjung Rambutan</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidor" title="Bidor">Bidor</a> dan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Siput" title="Sungai Siput">Sungai Siput</a>.<br />
Kewujudan Kerajaan Gangga Negara dan kemudiannya Kerajaan Melayu Beruas tidak dapat dinafikan oleh penyelidik sejarah pada hari ini. Kedua-dua kerajaan tua yang dikatakan pernah bertapak di bumi Beruas bukanlah suatu kisah dongeng ataupun mitos semata-mata. Ini berikutan beberapa peninggalan kesan sejarah mengenainya yang masih wujud di beberapa kawasan negeri Perak amnya dan Beruas khususnya.<br />
Semua artifak dan gambar berkaitan dengan Beruas dipamerkan di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzium_Beruas" title="Muzium Beruas">Muzium Beruas</a>.<br />
<br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a class="image" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:GanggaNegaraStatue001.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="320px" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/GanggaNegaraStatue001.jpg/180px-GanggaNegaraStatue001.jpg" width="192px" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:GanggaNegaraStatue001.jpg" title="Besarkan"><img alt="" height="11px" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15px" /></a></div>Gambar dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzium_Sejarah_Nasional" title="Muzium Sejarah Nasional">Muzium Sejarah Nasional</a> Kuala Lumpur. Patung gangsa abad ke-8 / 8 patung <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokitesvara" title="Avalokitesvara">Avalokitesvara</a> Buddha berdiri bertangan 8 dijumpai di lombong bijih Anglo Oriental, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidor" title="Bidor">Bidor</a>, Perak pada tahun 1936. Ketinggian 79 cm.</div></div></div>Gangga Negara bererti "bandar di Ganges" dalam <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskrit" title="Bahasa Sanskrit">bahasa Sanskrit</a>, nama yang dipetik dari <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganganagar&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ganganagar (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: #ba0000;">Ganganagar</span></a> di barat laut India di mana penduduk <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kambuja&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kambuja (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: #ba0000;">Kambuja</span></a> tinggal. Kambuja merupakan puak Aryan India-Iran dalam keluarga India-Eropah, pada asalnya tempatan di Pamir dan Badakshan. Terkenal sebagai pedagang <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, mereka membina koloni mereka di Asia Tenggara sekitar 2,000 tahun dahulu di lembah Mekong dan juga di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Melayu" title="Kepulauan Melayu">Kepulauan Melayu</a> di <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chenla&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Chenla (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: #ba0000;">Chenla</span></a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khmer&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Khmer (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: #ba0000;">Khmer</span></a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra" title="Sailendra">Sailendra</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, dll. Pakar sejarah mendapati pedagang Kambuja mengembara dari Gujarat ke Sri Lanka dan ke Ligor (Nakhon Sri Thammarat) di utara semenanjung Tanah Melayu, merentasi <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemboja" title="Kemboja">Kemboja</a>.<br />
<br />
<span class="mw-headline" id="Beruas"><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></span> <span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Beruas</span></span><br />
Penyelidikan pertama mengenai kerajaan Beruas dimulakan oleh Kolonel James Low pada tahun <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1849" title="1849">1849</a> dan satu abad kemudian oleh HG Qlaritch-Males. Menurut Jabatan Antikuiti dan Muzium, kedua penyelidik bersetuju bahawa kerajaan Gangga Negara wujud tetapi tidak dapat menentukan dengan pasti tapaknya. Selama beberapa tahun, penduduk kampung telah membongkar artifak, termasuk nesan dengan tulisan yang menunjukkan bahawa Beruas mungkin merupakan titik mula penyebaran Islam di Semenanjung Malaysia. Kebanyakan artifak, dipercayai semenjak kerajaan kuno, kini dipamerkan di Muzium Beruas bertarik semenjak <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-5" title="Abad ke-5">abad ke-5</a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-6" title="Abad ke-6">ke-6</a>. Artifak yang dipamerkan termasuk meriam 128 kg, pedang, keris pitis, ketulan timah, tembikar dari kerajaan Dinasti Ming dan pelbagai era, dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempayan" title="Tempayan">tempayan</a> besar. Melalui artifak ini, ia telah dijangka bahawa <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengkalan" title="Pengkalan">Pengkalan</a> (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a>), <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembah_Kinta" title="Lembah Kinta">Lembah Kinta</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Rambutan" title="Tanjung Rambutan">Tanjung Rambutan</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidor" title="Bidor">Bidor</a> dan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Siput" title="Sungai Siput">Sungai Siput</a> merupakan sebahagian kerajaan Beruas. Artifak turut mencadangkan bahawa pusat kerajaan mungkin telah berpindah beberapa kali. Gangga Negara dinamakan menjadi Beruas selepas <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> bertapak di sana.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pokok_Beruas"></span></h3><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pokok_Beruas">Pokok Beruas</span></h3>Beberapa batu nesan diraja Aceh turut ditemui di daerah Beruas dan ini mempunyai bukti kaitan dengan sumber sejarah bahawa putera raja dari <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, Sumatra berehat di bawah pokok Beruas, namanya Malik. Sejarah <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasai" title="Pasai">Pasai</a> ada menyebut mengenai <a class="new" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malik_ul_Salih&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Malik ul Salih (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: #ba0000;">Malik ul Salih</span></a> yang merupakan raja Melayu Hindu tempatan pertama yang memeluk Islam pada tahun 1267. Kini pokok beruas telahpun pupus tetapi masih dapat dijumpai di perkampungan berhampiran di Pengkalan Baru dan Batang Kubu.RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-18526593704345730052011-12-16T23:47:00.000+08:002011-12-16T23:47:22.009+08:00New Yang di-Pertuan Agong<div class="articlehead" id="ahead" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"><h1 style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.067em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Getting to know the new Yang di-Pertuan Agong</span></h1><div style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px;"><br />
</div><div class="articleabstract" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial; line-height: 1.286em; margin-bottom: 0.85em;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">84-year old Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah of Kedah took the oath of office Tuesday to become the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, or King, of Malaysia for his second term of five years.</span></div></div><div id="placeholder_1" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"></div><div class="articlebody" id="abody" style="background-color: white; clear: right; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin-top: 10px; min-width: 100%; text-align: left; width: 602px;"><div class="parent insert chrome6 single1 float8 cf" style="clear: both; float: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; width: 516px;"><div class="child c1 first" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div class="img"><div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.9995em; line-height: 1.4995em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><img alt="Tuanku Abdul Halim is the newly-crowned 14th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.(AP Photo, Vincent Thian)" class="img1" height="208" src="http://sin.stb.s-msn.com/i/DE/66A56CB356F3AD72F75AEE543924.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;" width="320" /></div><div class="abs" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.834em; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div class="abs" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.834em; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Malaysia's new King Sultan Abdul Halim, third right in front, inspects an honor guard during a welcoming ceremony at the Parliament Square in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Tuesday, Dec. 13, 2011. The 84-year-old sultan became the oldest constitutional monarch in this Southeast Asian nation's history.</div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.9995em; line-height: 1.4995em; margin-bottom: 10px;">This is the first time a Malaysian ruler has ever been the national monarch twice. Tuanku Abdul Halim's first term as Agong was from 1970 to 1975 in his forties. At the time, he was among the youngest Malay rulers to have been appointed to the post of Yang di-Pertuan Agong.</div><div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.9995em; line-height: 1.4995em; margin-bottom: 10px;">Tuanku Abdul Halim's term as Agong succeeds the five year term of Terengganu ruler Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin, who returned to his home state after a farewell ceremony at Parliament on Monday.</div><div class="parent insert chrome6 single1 float2 cf" style="clear: both; float: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; width: 318px;"><div class="child c1 first" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div class="img"><div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.9995em; line-height: 1.4995em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><img alt="Tuanku Abdul Halim is the oldest Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, crowned at the age of 84.(AP Photo, Vincent Thian)" class="img1" height="320" src="http://sin.stb.s-msn.com/i/D5/29FDB2238EA927D699A736411C9F8B.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;" width="195" /></div><div class="copyright" style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.834em; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0px; text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div class="abs" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.834em; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Malaysia's new King Sultan Abdul Halim inspects an honor guard during a welcoming ceremony at the Parliament Square in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Tuesday, Dec. 13, 2011. The 84-year-old sultan became the oldest constitutional monarch in this Southeast Asian nation's history.</div><div class="abs" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.834em; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.9995em; line-height: 1.4995em; margin-bottom: 10px;"><br />
On Tuesday, Tuanku Abdul Halim became the oldest King, surpassing the age of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz of Selangor who was 73 years old when he was crowned Agong in 1999. The crowning ceremony on Tuesday was the first to be held at the new Istana Negara on Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur.</div><div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.9995em; line-height: 1.4995em; margin-bottom: 10px;">Famous for his passion for jazz music, particularly the works of Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin and Nat King Cole, Tuanku Abdul Halim's interests also include golf and football.</div><div class="parent insert chrome6 single1 float8 cf" style="clear: both; float: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; width: 516px;"><div class="child c1 first" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div class="img"><div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.9995em; line-height: 1.4995em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><img alt="Tuanku Abdul Halim and his consort, Tuanku Haminah Hamidun.(AP Photo, Vincent Thian)" class="img1" height="250" src="http://sin.stb.s-msn.com/i/77/D51AA38DC56E7B3A5FB4E2BFD8E2BC.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;" width="320" /></div><div class="copyright" style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.834em; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0px; text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div class="abs" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.834em; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Malaysia's new King Sultan Abdul Halim, front left, Queen Haminah stand on the red carpet during a welcoming ceremony at the Parliament Square in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Tuesday, Dec. 13, 2011. The 84-year-old sultan became the oldest constitutional monarch in this Southeast Asian nation's history.</div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.9995em; line-height: 1.4995em; margin-bottom: 10px;"><br />
His consort Tuanku Haminah Hamidun is also the Sultanah of Kedah, a title she has carried since the death of Tuanku Abdul Halim's first wife Sultanah Bahiyah Tuanku Abdul Rahman in 2003. Prior to that, Tuanku Haminah was the Che Puan Kedah. They have no children together, although Tuanku Abdul Halim and the late Sultanah Bahiyah have one daughter, Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz, and two adopted children, Tunku Sarina and Tunku Soraya.</div><div class="parent insert chrome6 single1 float3 cf" style="clear: both; float: right; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: 334px;"><div class="child c1 first" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div class="img"><div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.9995em; line-height: 1.4995em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><img alt="Tuanku Abdul Halim and Tuanku Haminah Hamidun inspecting the guard of honor.(AP Photo, Vincent Thian)" class="img1" height="320" src="http://sin.stb.s-msn.com/i/FB/FD3DF9B15AB8840D695B3A58C4B.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(181, 181, 181); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;" width="206" /></div><div class="copyright" style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.834em; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0px; text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div class="abs" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.834em; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Malaysia's new King Sultan Abdul Halim, front, and Queen Haminah step down from the dais after a welcoming ceremony at the Parliament Square in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Tuesday, Dec. 13, 2011. The 84-year-old sultan became the oldest constitutional monarch in this Southeast Asian nation's history.</div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 0.9995em; line-height: 1.4995em; margin-bottom: 10px;"><br />
The 14th Yang di-Pertuan Agong has been described by close friends and family as being a man of humility and introspective gentle nature, never raising his voice in anger. Tuanku Abdul Halim is also noted to be a devoutly religious Muslim, keeping close to his heart his ceremonial role as the protector of Islam in Malaysia.</div></div><div class="articleblw cf" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 7px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 17px; text-align: left;"><br />
</div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-56764198316046376042011-12-13T13:14:00.000+08:002011-12-16T23:38:17.822+08:00DAULAT TUANKU !<h3><span style="color: red;">Sultan Abdul Halim tiba untuk istiadat lafaz sumpah Agung Ke 14.</span></h3><br />
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SEPANG 13 Dis. - Sultan Kedah, Sultan Abdul Halim Mu”adzam Shah tiba di Kompleks Bunga Raya, Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur (KLIA) di sini pagi ini bagi menghadiri istiadat melafaz sumpah dan menandatangani surat memegang jawatan sebagai Yang di-Pertuan Agong ke-14.<br />
Ketibaan Sultan Abdul Halim bersama Sultanah Haminah Hamidun pada pukul 9.07 pagi disambut oleh Menteri Penerangan Komunikasi dan Kebudayaan, Datuk Seri Dr. Rais Yatim dan isteri Datin Seri Masnah Rais.<br />
Seramai 29 anggota dan pegawai dari Batalion Keenam Rejimen Renjer Diraja mengadakan kawalan kehormat setempat.<br />
Baginda berdua kemudian berangkat ke Dataran Parlimen di Kuala Lumpur untuk sambutan penuh istiadat. <br />
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<div class="caption">Sultan Kedah, Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah bersama Sultanah Kedah Tuanku Sultanah Haminah Hamidun tiba dengan pesawat khas di Kompleks Bunga Raya, Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur (KLIA) bagi menghadiri istiadat perlantikan sebagai Yang di-Pertuan Agong yang ke 14, hari ini. - fotoBERNAMA </div>RamelyNorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143024228587627257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4855069714731883915.post-71485444097596767862011-12-12T23:50:00.000+08:002011-12-12T23:51:10.060+08:00Majlis Resepsi Chef Riz Dan Ana Dahlia (MELAYU KOTA)<h1 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Calibri, 'Myriad Pro', Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"><i style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #bf9000;">Posted by <span class="fn">Bulan Purnama</span> on Monday, December 12, 2011</span></i></h1><div class="post-body entry-content" style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxbpVeYNGBklh9r-ziWkjcEF78xAd2XkwNgSj8In99GldH8bgK-RBT01v6G3Qn_ZCxoQMQE1xd-I99ADfQMzOgSxjyXhtC_l_dKDzKjz32p5GtKFwGxQJ4QifcpLOcUwe1DBqaptw-KRM/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxbpVeYNGBklh9r-ziWkjcEF78xAd2XkwNgSj8In99GldH8bgK-RBT01v6G3Qn_ZCxoQMQE1xd-I99ADfQMzOgSxjyXhtC_l_dKDzKjz32p5GtKFwGxQJ4QifcpLOcUwe1DBqaptw-KRM/s320/7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Calibri, 'Myriad Pro', Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Calibri, 'Myriad Pro', Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em;">MELAYU KOTA KL</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Calibri, 'Myriad Pro', Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em;">Majlis resepsi mereka yang berlangsung malam tadi di Menara Kamalbina, Taman Tasik, Taiping, Perak. Ana Dahlia kelihatan anggun dengan busana berwarna merah jambu dari Butik Syarakim, manakala Riz mengenakan sut putih. Dekorasi dewan pula dibuat oleh CheDet Butik Nasha. Kredit gambar kepada <b><a href="http://aleeyaenterprise.fotopages.com/" style="color: #007acc; text-decoration: none;">Aleeya Wedding Photography</a></b>.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Calibri, 'Myriad Pro', Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em;"><br />
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